Ubuhakanyi bwabereye i Spires no kwatura kwizera kwabereye i Augsburg maze bikagaragaza insinzi y’Ubugorozi mu Budage, byaje gukurikirwa n’imyaka y’intambara n’umwijima. Ubuporotesitanti bwasaga n’ubugiye gusenyuka burundu kubera ko bwari bwaciwe intege n’amacakubiri yabaga mu babushyigikiye, kandi n’abanzi bakomeye bari babwugarije. Abantu ibihumbi byinshi bashyirishije amaraso yabo ikimenyetso ku buhamya batangaga. Intambara yadutse mu baturage; umurimo w’Ubuporotesitanti wagambaniwe n’umwe mu bakomeye bari barawinjiyemo; abakomeye bo mu bikomangoma byari byarayobotse Ubugorozi bashyikirijwe umwami w’abami kandi bagakurubanwa nk’imbohe bavanwa mu mujyi bajyanwa mu wundi. Ariko muri icyo gihe cyasaga n’insinzi ku mwami w’abami, yaje gutsindwa. Yabonye umuhigo yibwiraga ko afite umucika, maze amaherezo biba ngombwa ko inyigisho mu buzima bwe yari yariyemeje kuzarimbura azireka zigasagamba. Yari yarashyize mu kaga ubwami bwe, umutungo we ndetse n’ubuzima ubwabwo agendereye kurimbura icyo bitaga ubuyobe. Noneho yabonye ko ingabo zishiriye ku rugamba, umutungo we ukendera, umuvurungano wugarije intara nyinshi mu bwami bwe, mu gihe ukwizera yari ashishikariye kurwanya kwarushagaho gukwira ahantu hose. Charles wa V yarwanyaga imbaraga ishobora byose. Imana yari yaravuze iti: ” Umucyo ubeho;” ariko umwami w’abami we yashakaga ko umwijima ugumaho. Imigambi ye yari yarapfubye; maze ubwo yari asaziye imburagihe, atentebuwe n’intambara yarwanye igihe kirekire, yeguye ku bwami maze ajya kwihisha mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana. II 225.1
Mu gihugu cy’Ubusuwisi kimwe no mu Budage, Ubugorozi bwahuye n’ibihe bibi cyane. Mu gihe abo mu ntara nyinshi z’igihugu bemeraga ukwizera kuvuguruwe, abandi bo bihambiraga ku myizerere ya Roma mu buryo bw’ubuhumyi. Itoteza bakoreraga abifuzaga kwakira ukuri, amaherezo ryaje kubyara intambara mu baturage. Zwingli n’abantu benshi bari barifatanyije na we mu murimo w’ubugorozi baguye mu ntambara yabereye i Cappel. Oecolompadius, yaciwe intege n’ako kaga gateye ubwoba maze nyuma y’igihe gito arapfa. Ubutegetsi bwa Roma bwari bunesheje, bityo bwasaga n’ubugiye kwigarurira ibyo bwari bwaratakaje ahantu henshi. Nyamara, wa wundi nyiri imigambi y’iteka ryose ntiyari yaratereranye umurimo we cyangwa abagaragu be. Ukuboko kwe kwagombaga kubarokora. Yari yarahagurukije abandi bakozi mu bindi bihugu kugira ngo bakomeze umurimo w’ubugorozi. II 226.1
Mu Bufaransa, mbere y’uko bumva izina rya Luteri nk’Umugorozi, umuseke wari waramaze gutambika. Umwe mu babaye nyambere kwakira umucyo ni umugabo wari ukuze witwaga Lefevre, yari afite ubumenyi buhanitse, akaba yari umwarimu mukuru muri Kaminuza y’i Paris kandi akaba yari umuyoboke wa Papa w’umwizerwa, kandi w’umunyamwete. Igihe yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku bitabo bya kera, umutima we werekejwe kuri Bibiliya maze atangira kuyigisha abanyeshuri be. II 226.2
Lefevre yari yaramaramaje mu kwambaza abatagatifu kandi yari yaratangiye gutegura kwandika amateka y’abatagatifu ndetse n’abahowe kwizera kwabo nk’uko yavugwaga ahererekanywa mu itorero. Uwo wari umurimo wasabaga gukora cyane; ariko igihe yatekerezaga ko ashobora kubona muri Bibiliya ibyamwunganira by’ingirakamaro, maze agatangira kuyisoma afite uwo mugambi, uwo murimo yari yaramaze kuwugeza kure. Bityo, Bibiliya yayibonyemo abatagatifu batandukanye n’abagaragara ku ndangaminsi y’itorero ry’i Roma. Umucyo mwinshi mvajuru wasakaye mu ntekerezo ze. Yaratangaye kandi yumva azinutswe, ahagarika wa murimo yari yarihaye maze ashishikarira kwiga Ijambo ry’Imana. Bidatinze, yatangiye kwigisha ukuri gufite agaciro kenshi yasanze muri Bibiliya. II 226.3
Mu mwaka wa 1512, mbere y’uko Luteri na Zwingli batangira umurimo w’ubugorozi, Lefevre yaranditse ati: “Kubwo kwizera, Imana ni yo iduha ubutungane buduhesha ubugingo buhoraho kubw’ubuntu gusa.” 216 - Wylie, b.13, ch.1. II 227.1
Ubwo yatindaga ku bwiru bwo gucungurwa, yaratangaye ati: “Mbega uko ingurane yatanzwe itarondoreka, Utarigeze acumura yaciriweho iteka, maze umunyabyaha ahabwa umudendezo, Utanga imigisha yemeye kuvumwa, maze ibivume bihabwa umugisha; Umutangabugingo yarapfuye, maze abapfuye babaho; Ufite ubwiza yatwikiriwe n’umwijima, maze utari uzi ikindi kitari igihunya mu maso yambikwa ubwiza.” 217-D’Aubigné, London ed., b.12,ch. 2. II 227.2
Ubwo yigishaga ko ikuzo ry’agakiza ari iry’Imana yonyine, yanavuze ko inshingano y’umuntu ari ukumvira ati : “Niba uri umwe mu bagize itorero rya Kristo, uri urugingo rw’umubiri wa Kristo; kandi niba uri urugingo rw’umubiri we, wuzuye ubumana. . .Iyaba abantu bose bashoboraga gusobanukirwa ayo mahirwe, mbega uburyo babaho batunganye, birinda kandi bazira inenge! Mbega uburyo babona ko ubwiza bwose bwo ku isi ari urukozasoni babugereranyije n’ubwo bifitemo, ubwo amaso y’umubiri adashobora kubona!” 218- Ibid.,b.12, ch.2. II 227.3
Hari bamwe mu banyeshuri ba Lefevre bategaga amatwi amagambo ye babishishikariye, kandi abo nibo bajyaga kuzakomeza kwamamaza ukuri nyuma y’uko ijwi ry’umwigisha wabo ricecekeshwa. Umwe muri bo ni William Farel. Yakomokaga ku babyeyi b’inyangamugayo bari baramwigishije kwemera inyigisho z’itorero akazizera bidasabye gusobanukirwa. Iyo abasha gutanga ubuhamya bwe, yashoboraga kuvuga nk’intumwa Pawulo ati : “Nari Umufarisayo wo mu gice cyarushaga ibindi byo mu idini yacu gukomeza imihango.” 219Ibyakozwe 26 :5 Farel yari umurwanashyaka w’itorero ry’i Roma, bityo yari afite umuhati mwinshi wo kurimbura abantu bose bashoboraga gutinyuka kuvuguruza itorero. Nyuma y’aho, ubwo yavugaga kuri icyo gihe cyo mu mibereho ye, yaravuze ati: “Iyo numvaga umuntu avuga kandi avuguruza Papa, nahekenyaga amenyo nk’idubu ryarakaye.” 220-Wylie, b.13, ch.2. II 228.1
Yari yarakoze adacogora asenga abatagatifu, akazenguruka mu matorero yose y’i Paris aherekeje Lefevre, agasengera imbere ya aritari kandi akarimbisha amashusho y’abatagatifu akoresheje impano yatangaga. Ariko ibyo yubahirizaga ntibyigeze bimuhesha amahoro mu mutima. Yari aremerewe no kumva ari umunyacyaha ku buryo ibikorwa byose byo kwicuza (guhabwa penitensiya) byananiwe kumukiza uwo mutima. Yumvise amagambo y’Umugorozi nk’aho ari ijwi rivuye mu ijuru riti : “Agakiza gatangirwa ubuntu.” “Umuziranenge yaciriweho iteka maze umunyacyaha ahabwa umudendezo.” “Umusaraba wa Kristo wonyine niwo ukingura amarembo y’ijuru kandi ni wo ukinga amarembo y’ikuzimu.” 221-Ibid.,b.13, ch.2. II 228.2
Farel yakiranye ukuri ibyishimo. Kubwo guhinduka nk’ukwa Pawulo, Farel yavuye mu bubata bw’imigenzo ajya mu mudendezo w’abana b’Imana. Yaje guhindukira aravuga ati: “Ubwo yari amaze gukura umutima we kuri Papa maze akawegurira Yesu Kristo, ahari umutima w’ubwicanyi nk’uw’idubu yarakaye, hahise hasimburwa n’umutima w’ubugwaneza woroheje nk’uw’umwana w’intama.” - D’Aubigné, b.12, ch.3. II 228.3
Uko Lefevre yakomezaga gukwirakwiza umucyo mu banyeshuri yigishaga, Farel nawe wari ushishikariye gukora umurimo wa Kristo nk’uko yari yaritangiye gukorera Papa; ni ko yagendaga yamamaza ukuri mu ruhame. Nyuma y’aho gato bidatinze, umunyacyubahiro umwe wo mu itorero wari umwepisikopi w’i Meaux, nawe yaje kwifatanya nabo. Abandi barimu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru kubera ubushobozi bwabo n’ubwenge bwabo nabo binjiye mu murimo wo kwamamaza ubutumwa bwiza, maze haboneka abayoboke benshi baturutse mu nzego zose uhereye mu ngo z’abanyamyuga, rubanda rugufi kugeza mu ngoro y’umwami. Mushiki w’umwami Faransisiko wa I wari ku ngoma muri icyo gihe, nawe yemeye ukwizera kuvuguruwe. Hari igihe cyageze umwami ubwe ndetse n’umwamikazi bagaragaje ko bashyigikiye ubugorozi, ku buryo abagorozi bari bategerezanyije ibyiringiro bikomeye ko hari igihe kizagera igihugu cyose cy’Ubufaransa kikakira ubutumwa bwiza. II 229.1
Nyamara ibyo bari biringiye ntibyashobotse. Akaga no gutotezwa byari bitegereje abigishwa ba Kristo. Icyakora kubw’imbabazi z’Imana, ibyo byahishwe amaso yabo. Habayeho agahe k’amahoro kugira ngo bashobore kugira imbaraga zo guhangana n’umugaru; maze Ubugorozi butera imbere mu buryo bwihuse. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux yakoranaga umwete muri diyoseze ye akigisha abihaye Imana na rubanda rwose. Abapadiri b’abaswa n’ababaswe n’ibibi yabakuyeho maze bagahita basimbuzwa abantu b’abanyabwenge kandi b’inyangamugayo. Uwo mwepisikopi yifuzaga cyane ko abantu yayoboraga bakwisomera Ijambo ry’Imana, maze ibyo biza kugerwaho bidatinze. Lefevre yatangiye gusobanura Isezerano Rishya mu Gifaransa; kandi muri icyo gihe ubwo Bibiliya yasobanuwe na Luteri mu rurimi rw’Ikidage yasohokaga mu icapiro i Wittenberg nibwo Isezerano Rishya risobanuye mu Gifaransa ryasotse i Meaux. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux yakoze uko ashoboye kose kandi atanga n’umutungo ushoboka wose kugira ngo akwirakwize iryo Sezerano Rishya muri za paruwasi yayoboraga, maze bidatinze abaturage b’i Meaux bose bitungira Ibyanditswe Byera. II 229.2
Nk’uko abagenzi bishwe n’inyota bagira ibyishimo byinshi iyo babonye isoko y’amazi, niko abo bantu bakiriye ubutumwa mvajuru. Ari abahinzi mu mirima yabo, ari abanyabukorikori aho bakoreraga, aho babaga bari mu mirimo yabo ya buri munsi, babaga baganira ku kuri kw’ingenzi kwa Bibiliya. Mu mugoroba barangije akazi, aho kujya mu tubari, bagendaga bateranira mu rugo rw’umwe umwe kugira ngo bige Ijambo ry’Imana, bafatanyirize hamwe gusenga no kuririmba. Ntibyatinze, muri ako karere hagaragara impinduka ikomeye. Nubwo bari abantu bo mu rwego rworoheje, bakaba bari abaturage batize kandi bakora imirimo ivunanye, imbaraga ihindura kandi izahura y’ubuntu bw’Imana yagaragariye mu mibereho yabo. Bari abantu bicisha bugufi, bakundana, kandi batunganye maze baba abahamya b’icyo ubutumwa bwiza buzakorera abantu bose bazabwakira bataryarya. II 229.3
Umucyo wamurikiraga i Meaux woherezaga imirasire yawo kure. Umubare w’abihanaga wiyongeraga buri munsi. Umujinya ukaze w’ubuyobozi bukuru bw’itorero wabaye ugwabijwe mu gihe gito n’umwami utarahaga agaciro ibitekerezo bidafite ishingiro by’abapadiri; ariko amaherezo abayobozi bashyizweho na Papa baje kuganza. Noneho imambo zo gutwikiraho abantu zarashinzwe. Umwepisikopi w’i Meaux, yahatiwe guhitamo hagati yo gutwikwa no kwisubiraho, nuko ahitamo inzira yoroheje; ariko nubwo uwo muyobozi yasubiye inyuma akagwa, umukumbi we warashikamye. Abantu benshi bahamije ukuri bari hagati mu birimi by’umuriro. Kubw’ubutwari bwabo n’ubudahemuka bagaragazaga igihe babaga bari kuri izo mambo batwikirwagaho, abo bakristo b’abanyamahoro, urupfu rwabo rwabwirije ibihumbi byinshi by’abantu batari barigeze babwiraza ubutumwa bakiri bazima. II 230.1
Ntabwo aboroheje n’abakene ari bo batinyutse guhamya Kristo muri iyo mibabaro no gushinyagurirwa. Mu mazu y’ibitabashwa y’abakomeye ndetse n’ibwami hariyo abantu bakomeye bahaga ukuri agaciro bakakurutisha ubutunzi cyangwa icyubahiro ndetse n’ubuzima ubwabwo. Abari bambaye imyenda y’ibwami akenshi bagaragaraga ko batunganye kandi bashikamye kurusha abambaraga amakanzu n’ingofero by’abepisikopi. Uwitwaga Louis de Berquin yari yaravukiye mu rugo rw’abakomeye. Yari umuntu w’intwari kandi wubashywe cyane mu bagendaga ku mafarashi, yari ashishikariye kwiga, yitwaraga neza kandi akaba inziramakemwa mu mico. Umwanditsi umwe yaravuze ati: “Yubahirizaga mu buryo bukomeye amategeko yashyizweho na Papa, kandi yumvaga misa n’ibibwirizwa ku rwego rukomeye. Ku mico ye yindi yongeragaho kwanga urunuka inyigisho za Luteri.” Ariko, kimwe n’abandi benshi ubwo yayoborwaga n’Imana gusoma Bibiliya, yatangajwe no kuyisangamo “inyigisho zitari iza Roma, ahubwo yasanzemo iza Luteri.” 222-Wylie, b.13, ch.9. Kuva ubwo, yaritanze yirundurira mu murimo w’ubutumwa bwiza. II 230.2
“Yari umuhanga w’ikirangirire mu bakomeye bo mu Bufaransa,” ubwenge bwe buhambaye no kuba intyoza kwe, ubutwari bwe budacogora n’umwete wamurangaga ndetse no kuba yari afite ijambo ibwami, (bitewe n’uko yari umutoni ku mwami), byatumye abantu benshi bamufata ko atazabura kuba umugorozi w’igihugu cye. Uwitwa Beza yaravuze ati: “Berquin aba yarabaye Luteri wa kabiri, iyaba yari yarabonye ko Faransisiko wa I ari ikindi gikomangoma.” Abambari ba Papa baravugaga bati: “Ni mubi cyane kurusha Luteri.” 223- Ibid., b.13, ch.9. Yatinywaga cyane n’abari ku ruhande rwa Roma bo mu Bufaransa. Bamushyize muri gereza nk’umuntu wayobye, ariko aza guhabwa umudendezo n’umwami ararekurwa. Urugamba rwarakomeje rumara imyaka myinshi. Faransisiko yabaye hagati y’Abanyaroma n’ubugorozi, akajya yihanganira uburakari bw’abapadiri ikindi gihe akabuhagarika. Berquin yafunzwe inshuro eshatu afungishijwe n’abategetsi bo ku ruhande rwa Papa, ariko akajya afunguzwa n’umwami kuko yamukundiraga ubuhanga bwe n’imico ye itunganye bigatuma yanga ko arengana azira ubugome bw’abayobozi bakuru b’itorero. II 230.3
Berquin yaburiwe inshuro nyinshi ibyerekeye akaga kari kamwugarije mu Bufaransa, kandi bamugiraga inama yo kugera ikirenge mu cy’abari baraboneye umutekano mu guhunga babyihitiyemo. Uwitwaga Erasime wagiraga amagambo make ariko akagendana n’ibihe ngo arengere inyungu ze, nubwo yari umunyabwenge, ntabwo yabashije kugira ugukomera mu mico mbonera bituma ubuzima n’icyubahiro bicishwa bugufi kubera ukuri. Yandikiye Berquin ati : “Saba kujya guhagararira igihugu mu mahanga; jya mu Budage uzahakore ingendo. Uzi neza Beda n’abandi nka we, ko ari igikoko gifite imitwe igihumbi, gicira ubumara impande zose. Abanzi bawe ntibagira ingano. Nubwo umurimo wawe waba mwiza kuruta uwa Yesu Kristo, ntibazakureka ngo ugende batakurimburanye ubugome bukomeye. Ntiwishingikirize cyane ku kurindwa n’umwami. Mu bibaho byose, ntunshire mu kaga ndetse n’ishami ryigisha iby’Iyobokamana.” 224-Ibid.,b.13, ch.9. II 231.1
Ariko uko ibyago byarushagaho gukomera, ni ko ubutwari bwa Berquin nabwo bwiyongeraga. Aho gukurikiza inama za politiki kandi zo kwirengera yahawe na Erasme, Berquin yiyemeje gufata ingamba zikaze kurutaho. Ntiyibandaga gusa ku kurengera ukuri, ahubwo yajyaga yamagana n’amakosa. Ikirego cy’ubuhakanyi yaregwaga n’abambari ba Roma, yajyaga akibagerekaho ari bo. Abamurwanyaga babishishikariye cyane kandi bamwanga urunuka bari abantu bize bafite impamyabumenyi z’ikirenga ndetse n’abapadiri bo mu ishami ryigishaga iyobokamana muri Kaminuza nkuru y’i Paris, yari imwe mu bifite ububasha buhanitse bw’itorero haba mu mujyi mukuru ndetse no ku gihugu cyose. Mu nyandiko z’abo bahanga b’ikirenga Berquin yakuyemo ingingo cumi n’ebyiri yavugiye mu ruhame ko “zinyuranyije na Bibiliya, kandi ko zirimo ubuyobe;” maze asaba umwami ko ari we waca urubanza muri izo mpaka. II 231.2
Umwami ntiyatindiganyije guhuza abo banyambaraga n’abo babavuguruzaga buzuye ubwenge n’ubushishozi, maze anezezwa no kubona uburyo bwo gucisha bugufi ubwibone bw’abo bapadiri birataga, bityo asaba abari mu ruhande rwa Roma gushyigikirisha Bibiliya ibyo bemera. Bari bazi neza ko iyo ntwaro itagira icyo ibamarira. Gushyira abantu mu nzu z’imbohe, kwica urubozo no gutwika ni zo ntwaro bari bazi gukoresha. Ubu noneho ibintu byari bihindutse, bibonye bagiye kugwa mu rwobo bari bariringiye ko bazarohamo Berquin. Barumiwe maze bashakishaka uburyo batoroka. II 231.3
“Muri icyo gihe ishusho ya Bikira Mariya yari ku ruhande rw’inzira imwe yarangijwe icibwa igice kimwe.” Habayeho imivurungano ikomeye mu mujyi. Abantu benshi bahururiraga kureba iyo shusho maze bakarirana umubabaro. Umwami nawe byaramubabaje cyane. Ayo yabaye amahirwe abapadiri bari babonye kugira ngo bisubize isura nziza, maze bakora vuba vuba ngo ayo mahirwe bayabyaze umusaruro. Barashakuje bati: “Izi ni imbuto z’inyigisho za Berquin. Ibintu byose, byaba idini, amategeko ndetse n’ingoma ubwayo, bigiye guhirikwa n’aka kagambane k’abayoboke ba Luteri.” 225-Ibid.,b.13, ch.9. II 232.1
Berquin yongeye gufatwa. Umwami yari mu rugendo atari mu mujyi wa Paris, bituma abapadiri babona umudendezo wo gukora ibyo bishakiye. Umugorozi Berquin acirwa urubanza maze bamukatira urwo gupfa; kandi uretse gusa ko umwami Faransisiko yajyaga kubyitambikamo akamukiza, naho ubundi umwanzuro w’urubanza washyizwe mu bikorwa uwo munsi rwaciweho. Ku gicamunsi, Berquin yajyanywe aho ari bwicirwe. Imbaga y’abantu benshi cyane yateraniye kureba uko ari bwicwe, kandi benshi muri bo barebanaga gutangara n’ubwoba kubona ko ugiye kwicwa yatoranyijwe mu miryango y’abantu bakomeye kandi b’intwari mu Bufaransa. Gutangara, akababaro, gukwena n’urwango rukaze byari byijimishije mu maso y’imbaga y’abantu bari aho, nyamara mu maso h’umuntu umwe ho nta mwijima waharangwaga. Intekerezo z’uwari ugiye kwicwa azira ubuhamya bwe zarebaga kure y’ibyari bigiye kuba byuzuyemo umuborogo, yiyumvagamo gusa ko Umwami we amuri iruhande. II 232.2
Ikimodoka gipfukiranye bamwurije, uburakari bwagaragaraga mu maso y’abari bagiye kumwica, urupfu ruteye ubwoba yari agiye gupfa, ibyo byose ntiyabyitayeho. Uriho ariko akaba yari yarapfuye, kandi akaba ariho ubutazongera gupfa ndetse akaba afite imfunguzo z’urupfu n’iz’ikuzimu yari kumwe nawe. Mu maso ha Berquin harabagiranaga umucyo n’amahoro mvajuru. Yari yiyambitse “umwambaro w’ibirori; imyambaro wa gikire myiza cyane kandi ikomeye ndetse n’ikote ry’amabara asa na zahabu.” II 232.3
226-D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, b.2, ch.16.Yari agiye guhamya kwizera kwe imbere y’Umwami w’abami ndetse n’imbere y’isanzure ryose ryabyitegerezaga, kandi nta kimenyetso cy’amaganya cyashoboraga gusibanganya ibyishimo bye. II 232.4
Ubwo abantu benshi bari bamushoreye bagendaga buhoro buhoro banyura mu mayira yari yuzuyemo abantu, rubanda rwatangazwaga no kubona amahoro afite, insinzi igaragazwa n’ibyishimo yabonekaga mu maso he ndetse n’ubutwari bwe. Baravuze bati : “Ameze nk’umuntu wicaye mu rusengero akaba ari gutekereza ku bintu byera.” 227-Wylie, b.13, ch.9. II 233.1
Ubwo yari ageze ku nkingi yagombaga gutwikirwaho, Berquin yagerageje kugira amagambo make abwira abantu; ariko abapadiri batinye ingaruka yabyo, batangira gusakuza cyane, n’abasirikari bajegeza intwaro zabo bityo urusaku rwabyo runiga ijwi rya Berquin. Uko niko mu mwaka wa 1529, urwego ruhanitse rw’abanditsi n’abepisikopi b’i Paris rwari rwaratanze urugero rubi kandi ruteye isoni rwo gupfukirana amagambo yera y’abapfiraga ku mambo mu mwaka 1793. 228-Ibid., b.13, ch.9. II 233.2
Berquin yaranizwe maze umubiri we uratwikwa urakongoka. Inkuru y’urupfu rwe yababaje incuti z’Ubugorozi mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa cyose. Nyamara ntabwo urugero rwe rwibagiranye. Abahamya b’ukuri baravuze bati: “Natwe twiteguye gupfa gitwari, guhanze amaso ku buzima bw’ahazaza.” 229-D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, b.2, ch.16. II 233.3
Mu gihe cy’itotezwa ryabereye i Meaux, abigisha b’ukwizera kuvuguruye bambuwe uburenganzira bwabo bwo kubwiriza, maze bajya gukorera ahandi. Nyuma y’igihe gito Lefevre yafashe inzira ajya mu Budage. Farel we yagarutse mu mujyi yavukiyemo wari mu Burasirazuba bw’Ubufaransa kugira ngo yamamaze umucyo aho yarerewe. Inkuru y’ibyaberaga i Meaux yari yarakwiriye hose bituma ukuri yigishanyaga umwete ashiritse ubwoba kubona abagutega amatwi. Bidatinze abategetsi barahagurutse kugira ngo bamucecekeshe, ndetse bamwirukana mu mujyi. Nubwo atashoboraga gukorera ku mugaragaro, yambukaga ibibaya n’imidugudu, agenda abwiririza mu mazu no mu nzuri, akajya yibera mu mashyamba no mu buvumo byajyaga bumutera ubwoba akiri umwana muto. Imana yariho imutegurira kuzanyura mu bigeragezo bikomeye. Yaravuze ati: “Imisaraba, gutotezwa ndetse n’imigambi bya Satani naburiwe mbere ntibyabuze kungeraho, ndetse birankomereye cyane kuruta uko nagashoboye kubyihanganira, ariko Imana ni Data; yampaye imbaraga kandi izahora iteka impa imbaraga nkeneye.” 230- D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, b.12, ch.9. II 234.1
Nk’uko byabaye mu gihe cy’intumwa, akarengane “ntikabereye ubutumwa bwiza inkomyi, ahubwo kabushyize imbere.” 231Abafilipi 1 :12 Birukanwe i Paris n’i Meaux, “abatatanye bagiye hose, bamamaza Ijambo ry’Imana.” 232Ibyakozwe n’intumwa 8:4 Kandi uko ni ko umucyo washoboye kugera mu ntara zose za kure z’Ubufaransa. II 234.2
Imana yari igitegura abakozi bo kwagura umurimo wayo. Mu ishuri rimwe ryo mu Bufaransa, habonetse umusore umwe witonda kandi w’umunyamahoro wahise agaragarwaho no kuba umunyabwenge no kugira ubushishozi; kandi yagaragazwaga cyane n’imbaraga ze z’ubwenge ndetse no kwitanga mu by’idini kimwe no kuba inziramakemwa mu mibereho ye. Bidatinze ubuhanga bwe buhanitse ndetse no kwita ku masomo ye, byatumye aba ishema ry’ishuri yigagaho, maze bituma abantu bagira icyizere ko Yohani Kaluvini azaba umwe mu bantu b’intwari kandi bubashywe cyane bazarengera itorero. Ariko imirasire w’umucyo mvajuru yahuranyije inkuta z’imitekerereze, ubucurabwenge n’inyigisho z’iyobokamana ndetse n’imigenzo Kaluvini yari afungiraniwemo. Yumvise inyigisho nshya ahinda umushyitsi, ntiyagira gushidikanya ko abayobye bakwiriye koko gutwikwa mu muriro babashyiragamo. Nyamara yaje kwibona ahanganye n’ibyo bitaga ubuyobe maze biba ngombwa ko agenzura inyigisho za Roma kugira ngo azikoreshe arwanya inyigisho z’Abaporotesitanti. II 235.1
Mubyara we wari warifatanyije n’abagorozi yabaga i Paris. Abo babyara bombi bahuraga kenshi maze bakaganira ku bibazo byatezaga imvururu aharangwa ubukristo. Umuporotesitanti witwa Olivetan yaravuze ati: “Mu isi hari amadini abiri gusa. Umugabane wa mbere w’idini (imyizerere) ni uwo abantu bahimbye, muri ryo umuntu yikiza ubwe kubw’imihango n’imirimo myiza. Undi mugabane w’idini ni uvugwa muri Bibiliya kandi wigisha abantu gushakira agakiza gusa mu buntu Imana igira nta kiguzi.” II 235.2
Kaluvini yaravuze ati: “Sinzigera ngira inyigisho nemera muri izo nyigisho nshya zanyu. Mbese mutekereza ko igihe nabayeho cyose nari mu makosa?” 233-Wylie, b.13, ch.7. II 235.3
Nyamara hari ibitekerezo byari byakangutse mu ntekerezo ze atashoboraga kwivanamo ubwe. Ubwo yari wenyine mu cyumba cye, yatekereje ku magambo yabwiwe na mubyara we. Umutima umwemeza icyaha waramuremereye, yibonaga ari imbere y’Umucamanza uzira inenge kandi w’umunyakuri adafite umurengera. Kurengerwa n’abatagatifu, imirimo myiza ndetse n’imihango y’idini byose nta bushobozi byari bifite bwo kumukiza icyaha. Nta kindi kintu yabonaga imbere ye uretse kwiheba by’iteka ryose. Abanyabwenge b’ikirenga bo mu itorero bageragezaga kumuhumuriza ariko bikaba iby’ubusa. Yitabaje kwatura ibyaha no gusaba imbabazi (penitensiya) ariko ibyo nabyo biba iby’ubusa kuko ntibyashoboraga kunga umutima n’Imana. II 236.1
Ubwo yari akiri muri urwo rugamba rutagiraga icyo rugeraho, umunsi umwe Kaluvini yagize amahirwe yo kugera ahantu abantu benshi bari bateraniye maze ahabonera uko batwikaga uwo bitaga umuhakanyi. Yatangajwe cyane n’amahoro yagaragaraga mu maso y’uwo muntu waziraga ukwizera kwe. Muri urwo rupfu rw’agashinyaguro ruteye ubwoba ndetse no kuba yaciriweho iteka n’itorero mu buryo bukomeye, uwo wicwaga yerekanye ukwizera n’ubutwari. Uwo munyeshuri wari ukiri muto yuzuye umubabaro maze abigereranya na kwa kwiheba kwe n’umwijima wari umugose kandi mu mibereho ye yarumviraga itorero adakebakeba. Yari azi ko abahakanyi bashingiye ukwizera kwabo kuri Bibiliya. Yiyemeje kuyiga kugira ngo nabishobora abashe kuvumbura ibanga ry’ibyishimo by’abo bicwaga. II 236.2
Muri Bibiliya yasanzemo Kristo. Yavuganye ijwi rirenga ati: ” O Data! Igitambo cye nicyo cyahosheje uburakari bwawe; amaraso ye niyo yanyogejeho imyanda; umusaraba we niwo wagiweho n’umuvumo wanjye; urupfu rwe rwambereye icyiru. Twebwe ubwacu twitekerereje iby’ubupfapfa byinshi bitagira akamaro, ariko washyize ijambo ryawe imbere yanjye nk’itara kandi wakabakabye umutima wanjye kugira ngo mbashe kubona ko ibindi byose nakora ari ibizira, uretse ibya Yesu byonyine.” 234-Wylie, b.13, ch.7. II 236.3
Kaluvini yari yarigishijwe ngo azabe umupadiri. Ubwo yari afite imyaka cumi n’ibiri gusa, nibwo yatorewe kuba umuyobozi w’itorero rito kandi umusatsi we wari warogoshwe n’umwepisikopi nk’uko biteganywa n’amabwiriza agenga itorero. Ntiyigeze asigwa ngo yezwe cyangwa ngo akore inshingano z’umupadiri, ariko yabaye umwe mu bihaye Imana batoranyijwe, akitirirwa umwanya yarimo kandi akawuhererwa agahimbazamusyi. II 236.4
Amaze kubona ko atazigera aba umupadiri, yafashe igihe runaka cyo kwiga iby’amategeko, ariko amaherezo aza kureka uwo mugambi maze yiyemeza kwegurira imibereho ye kubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza. Ariko yashidikanyije kuba umwigisha ubwiririza mu ruhame. Ubusanzwe yari umuntu ugira amagambo make, ariko yari aremerewe no kumva inshingano ikomeye yahabwa n’uwo mwanya, kandi yari acyifuza cyane gushishikarira kwiga. Nyamara amaherezo yaje kwemezwa n’uko incuti ze zamwingingaga zibishishikariye. Yaravuze ati: “Biratangaje kubona umuntu ukomoka ahantu horoheje abasha kuzamurwa agahabwa icyubahiro gikomeye nk’iki.” 235-Wylie, b.13, ch.9. II 237.1
Kaluvini yinjiye mu murimo we atuje kandi amagambo ye yari nk’igitonyanga kigwa ngo gitose ubutaka. Yari yaravuye i Paris none ubu bwo yari yibereye mu mujyi wo mu ntara aho yari arinzwe n’igikomangomakazi Marigarita wakundaga ubutumwa bwiza maze yongera uko yarindaga abari barabuyobotse. Kaluvini yari akiri umusore muto, w’umugwaneza kandi udaharanira ibyubahiro. Yatangiye umurimo we yigishiriza abantu mu ngo zabo. Yasomaga Bibiliya kandi agasobanura ukuri kw’agakiza akikijwe n’abagize umuryango. Abumvaga ubwo butumwa bajyaniraga abandi iyo nkuru nziza, maze bidatinze uwo mwigisha ava mu mujyi mukuru ajya mu mijyi mito no mu midugudu ihazengurutse. Ntaho yahezwaga haba mu ngo z’abakomeye cyangwa mu tururi tw’abakene; agakomeza urugendo ashinga urufatiro rw’amatorero yagombaga kuvamo abahamya b’ukuri batagira ubwoba. II 237.2
Nyuma y’amezi make yagarutse i Paris. Aho i Paris hari impaka zidasanzwe mu itsinda ry’abahanga n’abigisha bakomeye. Kwiga indimi za kera byari byaratumye abantu biga Bibiliya kandi benshi abo imitima yabo itari yaracengewe n’ukuri kwayo bakujyagaho impaka babishishikariye ndetse bakanahangana n’ibirangirire byari bishyigikiye inyigisho z’i Roma. Nubwo Kaluvini yari ashoboye kurwana urugamba mu by’iyobokamana, yari afite umurimo ukomeye yagombaga kurangiza warutaga cyane uw’abo banyabwenge bagiraga urusaku. Intekerezo z’abantu zari zakangutse, maze icyo kiba igihe cyo kubamenyesha ukuri. Mu gihe ibyumba byo muri za kaminuza byari byuzuwemo n’urusaku ruvuye ku mpaka mu by’iyobokamana, Kaluvini we yagendaga ava ku nzu ajya ku yindi, yigisha abantu Bibiliya akababwira ibya Kristo wabambwe. II 237.3
Mu buntu bw’Imana, abatuye umujyi wa Paris bagombaga kugezwaho irindi rarika ngo bemere ubutumwa bwiza. Irarika rya Lefevre na Farel ryari ryarirengagijwe, ariko ubutumwa bwagombaga kongera kubwirwa abantu bo mu nzego zose batuye uwo murwa munini. Kubwo impamvu za politike, umwami yari atarajya ku ruhande rwa Roma mu buryo bwuzuye ngo arwanye Ubugorozi. Igikomangomakazi Marigarita yakomeje kugira ibyiringiro ko ubuporotesitanti buzatsinda mu Bufaransa. Yagambiriye ko ukwizera kuvuguruwe gukwiriye kubwirizwa mu mujyi wa Paris. Mu gihe umwami atari ari muri uwo mujyi Marigarita yategetse ko umuvugabutumwa w’Umuporotesitanti abwiriza mu nsengero zo mu mujyi. Kubera ko abayobozi bakuru bashyizweho na Papa bahise babibuzanya, Marigarita yafunguye imiryango y’ibwami. Yafashe inyubako imwe ayihindura urusengero, maze batangariza abantu ko buri munsi, ku isaha runaka hari ikibwirizwa kizajya kibwirizwa kandi abantu b’ingeri zose bararikiwe kuza gutega amatwi. Abantu batagira ingano baje kumva ibyo bibwirizwa. Abantu buzuye mu rusengero ndetse no mu miryango yarwo. Buri munsi hateraniraga abantu ibihumbi byinshi baba: ibikomangoma, abategetsi, abacamanza, abacuruzi n’abanyabukorikori. Maze aho kugira ngo umwami abuzanye ibyo biterane, ahubwo yategetse ko bafungura insengero ebyiri mu zo mu mujyi wa Paris. Nta kindi gihe cyigeze kibaho ko umujyi wa Paris ukangurwa n’Ijambo ry’Imana bene ako kageni. Byasaga n’aho umwuka w’ubugingo uvuye mu ijuru wahumekewe ku bantu. Kwirinda, ubutungane, kugira gahunda ndetse no gukora byasimburaga ubusinzi, kuba ibyigenge, urugomo ndetse n’ubunebwe. II 238.1
Nyamara abayobozi bakuru b’itorero ntibicaye ngo be kugira icyo bakora. Umwami yakomeje kwanga kubyivangamo ngo ahagarike uko kubwiriza, maze ba bayobozi bifashisha rubanda. Nta nzira n’imwe itarakoreshejwe ngo bakangure ubwoba, urwikekwe ndetse n’ubwaka by’abantu b’injiji n’abandi benshi cyane bizera iby’imigenzo. Kubera kuyoboka mu buhumyi abigisha babo b’abanyabinyoma, nk’uko byabaye kuri Yerusalemu ya kera, abo mu mujyi wa Paris ntibamenye igihe bagenderewemo ndetse n’ibyabahesha amahoro. Ijambo ry’Imana ryabwirijwe muri uwo murwa mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri, ariko nubwo hari benshi bemeye ubutumwa bwiza, umubare munini w’abaturage barabwanze. Faransisiko yari yaragaragaje kutabogama ari kubw’inyungu ze bwite, maze abambari ba Papa bagera ku ntego yabo yo kongera gusubira ku butware bwabo. Insengero zongeye gufungwa maze imambo zo gutwikiraho abantu zongera gushingwa. II 238.2
Kaluvini yari akiri i Paris akitegura imirimo azakora mu gihe kiri imbere akoresheje kwiga, gutekereza kubyo yiga no gusenga ndetse akomeza gukwirakwiza umucyo. Ariko amaherezo, urwikekwe rwaramwugarije. Abategetsi bafashe umwanzuro wo kumutwika. Ubwo yari wenyine yiturije, nta gitekerezo afite cy’uko hari akaga kamwugarije, nibwo incuti ze zaje ziruka ziza ku cyumba cye zimuzaniye inkuru y’uko abasirikare bari mu nzira baje kumufata. Muri ako kanya bumvise umuntu ukomanga cyane ku rugi rwo hanze. Nta kanya na gato ko guta kari kagihari. Bamwe mu ncuti ze babaye batindirije ba basirikare ku rugi mu gihe abandi bafashaga wa mugorozi gucika amanukiye mu idirishya, maze mu buryo bwihuse ahita yerekeza mu cyaro hanze y’umujyi. Yihishe mu kazu ka gikene k’umuhinzi wakundaga ubugorozi, maze Kaluvini aza kwiyoberanya yambara imyambaro y’uwamucumbikiye, afata isuka ayishyira ku rutugu, maze atangira urugendo rwe. Yagiye yerekeza mu majyepfo, maze yongera kubona ubuhungiro aho mu karere k’igikomangomakazi Marigarita. 236-D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Times of Calvin, b.2, ch.30. II 238.3
Aho yahamaze amezi make, afite umutekano arinzwe n’incuti ze zikomeye kandi nk’uko yabikoraga mbere akajya yiga. Ariko kandi umutima we wari urangamiye kuvuga ubutumwa mu Bufaransa, bityo rero ntiyashoboraga kumara igihe kirekire ntacyo akora. Amaze kubona imiraba imaze guhosha, yashatse ahandi hantu hashya yakorera muri Poitiers. Aho hari kaminuza kandi inyigisho nshya zari zarahakiranwe ibyishimo. Abantu bo mu nzego zose bategeraga amatwi ubutumwa bwiza bishimye. Nta kuhabwiriza mu ruhame kwabayeho, ariko Kaluvini yabumburiraga amagambo y’ubugingo buhoraho abantu bifuzaga kuyumva haba mu rugo rw’umucamanza mukuru, haba mu icumbi yarimo, ndetse rimwe na rimwe akigishiriza mu busitani aho abantu bateranira. Nyuma y’igihe runaka, uko abantu barushagaho kwiyongera, babonye byaba byiza gushaka aho bajya bateranira inyuma y’umujyi. Ubuvumo bwari mu kibaya kirekire aho ibitare n’ibiti byinshi byasaga n’ibibatwikiriye, ni bwo bwahiswemo ngo bajye babuteraniramo. Amatsinda mato y’abantu yavaga mu mujyi anyuze inzira zitandukanye maze akerekeza aho hantu. II 239.1
Aho hantu hitaruye hasomerwaga Bibiliya mu ijwi riranguruye kandi ikanasobanurwa. Aho niho Abaporotesitanti bo mu Bufaransa bizihirije bwa mbere umuhango w’Ifunguro ry’Umwami. Ababwirizabutumwa benshi b’indakemwa bakomotse muri iryo torero rito. II 239.2
Kaluvini yongeye kugaruka i Paris. Yari ataratakaza ibyiringiro by’uko igihugu cy’Ubufaransa kizemera Ubugorozi. Nyamara yaje gusanga hafi imiryango yose y’umurimo ikinzwe. Kubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza kwari ugufata inzira yahuranyije igana ku mambo ugatwikwa, maze amaherezo Kaluvini yiyemeza gufata inzira igana mu Budage. Akimara kuva mu Bufaransa, nibwo inkubiri yadutse mu Baporotesitanti ku buryo iyo ajya kuhaguma yagombaga guhitanwa no kurimbura kwatwaye rubanda rwinshi. II 240.1
Abagorozi bo mu Bufaransa, mu gihe bifuzaga kubona amajyambere y’ubugorozi mu gihugu cyabo nk’uko byari biri mu Budage no mu Busuwisi, biyemeje gufora umwambi utyaye washoboraga gukangura igihugu cyose bakarwanya imigenzo ya Roma. Ku bw’uwo mugambi, ibyapa byanditsweho amagambo anenga misa byamanitswe mu Bufaransa hose mu ijoro rimwe. Ariko aho kugira ngo icyo gikorwa cyuzuye ishyaka kandi cyatekerejwe nabi giteze imbere umurimo w’Ubugorozi, cyazaniye kurimbuka atari abagikwirakwije gusa ahubwo n’incuti z’ukwizera kuvuguruwe zo mu Bufaransa hose. Icyo gikorwa cyahaye abambari ba Roma ibyo bari barifuje igihe kirekire ari cyo mendeza yo gusaba ko abahakanyi batsembwa nk’abantu bateza impagarara bakaba inkomyi ku mutekano w’ubwami ndetse no ku mahoro y’igihugu. II 240.2
Inyandiko imwe yamanitswe ku rugi rw’icyumba cyihariye cy’umwami bikozwe n’umuntu utaramenyekanye niba yari incuti yahubutse ikabikora cyangwa niba yari umwanzi wuzuye uburyarya. Ibi byateye umwami ubwoba bwinshi. Muri iyo nyandiko, imigenzo yari imaze igihe kirekire yubahirizwa yarwanyijwe nta kubabarira. Uko gutinyuka kurimo guhangara gushyira inyandiko ishishana ibwami byatumye umwami agira umujinya. Mu gutangara kwe, yamaze igihe gito atengurwa atagira icyo avuga. Amaherezo uburakari bwe bwamuteye kuvuga aya magambo ashishana ati: “Ntegetse ko abantu bose bakekwaho kuba abayoboke ba Luteri bafatwa. Nzabarimbura bose.” 237 - Ibid., b.4, ch.10. II 240.3
Itegeko ryashyizweho ikimenyetso. Umwami yari amaze kwiyemeza burundu kujya mu ruhande rwa Roma. II 240.4
Hahise hafatwa ingamba zo gufata abayoboke ba Luteri bose bari mu mujyi wa Paris. Umuturage umwe w’umukene wari warayobotse ukwizera kw’abagorozi, akaba yari yaramenyereye gutumira abizera mu biterane bya rwihishwa yarafashwe. Kubera gukangishwa kwicwa bamutwitse, yategetswe kujyana intumwa za papa ku rugo rwa buri Muporotesitanti utuye muri uwo mujyi. Yagize ubwoba yanga icyo gikorwa kibi bamusabye, ariko amaherezo gutinya gutwikwa biramuganza maze yemera kugambanira bagenzi be. Morin wari umugenzacyaha ari kumwe na wa muntu wafashwe, bari babanjirijwe n’imbaga y’abantu bakikijwe n’imbaga y’abapadiri, abantu batwara imibavu, abihaye Imana n’abasirikare banyuraga mu duhanda two mu mujyi bagenda buhoro buhoro kandi bacecetse. Urwo rugendo rwasaga n’urwo kwibuka “isakaramento ritagatifu,” nk’igikorwa cyo guhanagura igitutsi abaporotesitanti batutse misa. Ariko inyuma y’uwo mwiyerekano hari hihishe umugambi mubisha. Igihe bageraga imbere y’inzu y’umuyoboke wa Luteri, wa mugambanyi yabahaga ikimenyetso ariko nta jambo rivuzwe. Ba bantu bakurikiranye barahagaze, hakagira abinjira mu nzu maze abo muri uwo muryango bose bakabasohora bakabambika umunyururu bityo bagakomeza gushaka abandi. Nta nzu n’imwe banyuragaho, yaba nto cyangwa nini, ndetse n’amashuri makuru ya Kaminuza ya Paris. . . Morin yahindishije umujyi wose umushyitsi. . . Cyari igihe giteye ubwoba.” 238Ibid.,b.4, ch.10. II 241.1
Abafatwaga bicwaga urubozo, hagategekwa ko bagabanya ubukana bw’umuriro kugira ngo umubabaro wabo umare igihe kirekire. Nyamara bapfuye ari abaneshi. Ugushikama kwabo ntikwanyeganyejwe kandi amahoro yabo ntiyahungabanye. Kubera ko ababatotezaga batashoboraga gukuraho ugushikama kwabo kudadohoka, ni bo bumvise batsinzwe. “Imambo zo gutwikiraho abantu zakwirakwijwe mu mpande zose z’umujyi wa Paris maze mu minsi myinshi yagiye ikurikirana bakajya bazibatwikiraho, umugambi wabyo ari ugutinyisha ibyo bitaga ubuhakanyi. Nyamara amaherezo inyungu yakomeje kuba ku butumwa bwiza. Abatuye umujyi wa Paris bose bashoboye kubona uko ibitekerezo bishya bihindura abantu ukundi. Nta ruhimbi (aritari) rwariho ruhwanye n’inkingi yatwikirwagaho abaziraga kwizera kwabo. Ibyishimo byarabagiranaga mu maso h’abo bantu igihe bajyanwaga aho bari butwikirwe, ubutwari bagaragazaga igihe babaga abahagaze mu birimi by’umuriro bikaze, uko bababariraga ababagirira nabi, akenshi byatumaga uburakari bw’ababatoteza buhinduka impuhwe, urwango rugahindukamo urukundo maze bakavuga bashize amanga bashyigikira ubutumwa bwiza.” 239-Wylie, b.13, ch.20. II 241.2
Abapadiri bari bagamije gutuma uburakari bw’abaturage bukomeza kuba bwinshi maze bakwirakwiza inyandiko z’ibirego bikabije baregaga Abaporotesitanti. Babaregaga ubugambanyi bwo gushaka kurimbura Abagatolika, guhirika ubutegetsi no kwica umwami. Nta gihamya na gito bari bafite gishyigikira ibyo birego. Nyamara ubwo buhanuzi bw’ibinyoma bwagombaga gusohora mu bundi buryo butandukanye cyane n’ubwo, kandi binaturutse ku zindi mpamvu zihabanye n’izo. Ubugome bukomeye abagatolika bagiriraga Abaporotesitanti b’inziramakemwa bwuzuye igipimo cy’ingororano yabo bityo mu binyejana byakurikiyeho ubwo bugome bubazanira ibyago bari baravuze mbere ko bizaba ku mwami, ku butegetsi bwe ndetse no ku baturage be. Nyamara uko kurimbuka kwazanywe n’abapagani ndetse n’abayoboke ba Papa ubwabo. Ntabwo kwaduka k’ubuporotesitanti ari byo byateje akaga gakomeye Ubufaransa nyuma y’imyaka magana atatu yakurikiyeho, ahubwo katejwe no gushaka kubukuraho burundu. II 241.3
Urwikekwe, kutizerana ndetse n’ubwoba noneho byakwiriye mu nzego zose z’abaturage. Muri uko gukangarana kwari rusange, biboneye uburyo inyigisho za Luteri zacengeye mu ntekerezo z’abantu bo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu myigire, mu kugira ijambo mu bantu ndetse no kugira imico itunganye rwose. Mu buryo butunguranye, abari mu myanya ikomeye mu butegetsi kandi y’icyubahiro bayivuyemo. Abanyabukorikori, abakora mu macapiro, intiti, abigisha muri za kaminuza, abanditsi ndetse n’abakozi boroheje b’ibwami. Abantu amagana menshi barahunze bava i Paris, biyemeza guhunga ku bushake bwabo maze bava mu gihugu cyabo cya kavukire, kandi ibyo biba ikimenyetso cy’ibanze ko bashyigikiye ukwizera kuvuguruwe. Abambari ba Papa barebye abahakanyi benshi batakekaga bari babarimo batabishisha maze birabatangaza. Uburakari bwabo babutuye imbaga y’abacishije bugufi bari bafiteho ubushobozi. Gereza zujujwe abantu, n’ikirere gisa n’icyijimishijwe n’umyotsi w’umuriro wacaniwe gutwika abantu bemeraga ubutumwa bwiza. II 242.1
Umwami Faransisiko wa mbere yari yarahawe icyubahiro cyo kuba yarabaye umuyobozi muri gahunda yo kubyutsa ibyerekeye kwiga yaranze itangira ry’ikinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu. Yari yarashimishijwe no guteranyiriza mu ngoro ye abantu bose b’abahanga mu by’indimi bavuye mu bihugu byose. Urukundo yakundaga ubumenyi, n’urwango yangaga ubujiji n’imihango by’abihaye Imana, ni rwo ku ruhande rumwe rwamuteye nibura kwihanganira ubugorozi. Ariko, kubw’ishyaka ryo kurandurana imizi ubuhakanyi, uwo muntu wari ushyigikiye ubumenyi yatanze itegeko ryo guhagarika icapwa ry’inyandiko mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa cyose. Faransisiko wa mbere ni umwe mu ngero nyinshi zanditswe zerekana ko umuco ushingiye ku buhanga atari ikintu gishobora guhagarika kutihanganirana no kurenganya mu by’iyobokamana. II 242.2
Binyuze mu birori bikomeye kandi bikorewe mu ruhame, Ubufaransa bwagombaga kwiyemeza kurimbura Ubuporotestanti burundu. Abapadiri basabye ko igitutsi Ijuru ryatutswe binyuze mu kunenga Misa, cyahanagurwa n’amaraso kandi ko umwami, mu izina ry’abaturage be, atangira mu ruhame igihano kigenewe icyo gikorwa kibi bikabije. II 242.3
Kuwa 21 Mutarama 1535 niwo munsi washyiriweho kwizihiza ibyo birori biteye ubwoba. Ubwoba budafite ishingiro ndetse n’urwango by’abatuye igihugu bose byari byabyukijwe. Umujyi wa Paris winjiwemo n’imbaga y’abantu bavuye ahawukikije hose maze buzura imihanda yawo. Uwo munsi wagombaga gutangizwa n’urugendo rw’umwiyereko. “Inzu zikikije aho abari bari mu mwiyereko banyuraga zari zimanitsweho ibitambaro bigaragaza icyunamo, kandi za alitari zari ziteretswe ku nzira zigiye zitandukanywa n’intera ingana. Imbere ya buri muryango hari urumuri mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ‘isakaramento ritagatifu.’ Urwo rugendo rw’umwiyereko rwatangiriye ku ngoro y’umwami mu rukerera. “Imbere habanzaga abantu batwaye imisaraba n’amabendera by’amaparuwasi atandukanye, hagakurikiraho rubanda rwagendaga babangikanye babiri babiri kandi batwaye imuri zaka.” Abayobozi bane b’ibanze mu rwego rw’itorero bakurikiyeho buri wese yambaye imyambaro ye yihariye. Abo bakurikiwe n’abatwaye ibintu bijyanye n’abatagatifu n’abahowe kwizera kwabo. Abo nabo bakurikiwe n’abepesikopi bagendera ku mafarashi bambaye amakanzu arabagirana n’imyambaro itatsweho amasaro kandi irabagirana. II 243.1
“Ukarisitiya yari itwawe na musenyeri w’i Paris iri munsi y’igitwikirizo kirabagirana. Inyuma ye hari hakurikiyeho umwami. Uwo munsi umwami Faransisiko wa I ntiyambaye ikamba ry’ubwami ndetse n’ikanzu ya cyami.” Yagendaga umutwe we uriho ubusa, yubitse amaso kandi atwaye urumuri rwaka mu maboko ye. Umwami w’Ubufaransa yagaragaye mu “ishusho y’umuntu wihana.” 240-Ibid., b.13, ch.21. Uko yageraga imbere ya buri alitari, yarapfukamaga akicisha bugufi, bidatewe n’ingeso mbi zahumanyije umutima we cyangwa amaraso y’inzirakarengane yahindanyije ibiganza bye, ahubwo ari kubw’icyaha gikomeye cyane abo ayobora bakoze bahangara kunenga Misa. Inyuma y’umwami hakurikiyeho umwamikazi n’abanyacyubahiro bo mu butegetsi, nabo bakagenda babangikanye babiri babiri buri wese atwaye urumuri rwaka. II 243.2
Nk’umugabane umwe muri gahunda z’uwo munsi, umwami ubwe yagejeje ijambo ku bakomeye bose bari mu cyumba kinini cy’ingoro ya musenyeri. Yahagaze imbere yabo afite umubabaro ugaragara ku maso ye maze avuga amagambo akomeye yinubira icyaha, ubugome ndetse n’umunsi w’umubabaro no gukorwa n’isoni” byagwiririye igihugu cyose. Bityo, yabwiye abamwumvira bose kumufasha gukuraho burundu icyorezo cy’ubuyobe cyari kigendereye gusenya Ubufaransa. Yaravuze ati: ” Mwa banyacyubahiro mwe, ndababwiza ukuri nk’umwami wanyu, ndamutse menye ko kumwe mu maguru yanjye kwandujwe cyangwa kwafashwe n’ubu bwandu bubi, nakubaha mukaguca. Ikigeretseho kandi , ndamutse mbonye umwe mu bana banjye yagezweho n’ubwo bwandu, sinamubabarira. . . . Njye ubwanjye namutanga akaba igitambo.” Yavuganaga ikiniga arira, maze abari aho bose baririra icyarimwe batera hejuru bati : “Tuzaberaho kandi tunapfire itorero gatolika!” 241-D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, b.4, ch.12. II 243.3
Igihugu cyari cyaranze umucyo w’ubutumwa bwiza noneho cyinjiye mu mwijima w’icuraburindi. Ubuntu “buhesha agakiza” bwarerekanwe; ariko nyuma yo kubona imbaraga yabwo n’ubutungane bwabwo, nyuma yaho abantu benshi bakururiwe n’ubwiza bwabwo mvajuru, nyuma y’uko imijyi n’imidugudu mito imurikiwe n’umucyo w’ubwo buntu, Ubufaransa bwo bwabuteye umugongo maze buhitamo umwijima mu cyimbo cy’umucyo. Ubwo bahabwaga impano mvajuru, bayisubije inyuma barayanga. Icyiza bari baracyise ikibi, n’ikibi bacyita icyiza kugeza ubwo baguye mu mutego wo kwibeshya kw’imitima yabo. Noneho nubwo bashobora kuba barizeraga ko mu gutoteza ubwoko bw’Imana bari gukora umurimo wayo, nyamara uko kumaramaza kwabo nikwabagize intungane. Ku bushake bwabo, bari baranze umucyo wajyaga kubarinda kwibeshya, ukababuza kwiyandurisha amaraso. II 244.1
Indahiro ikomeye yo gutsembaho ubuhakanyi yarahiriwe muri katederali nkuru, ari naho nyuma y’ibinyejana bitatu byakurikiyeho, “Ikigirwamana cy’Ubwenge” cyagombaga kuzimikirwa n’igihugu cyari cyaribagiwe Imana nzima. Bongeye gukora rwa rugendo rw’umwiyereko maze abahagarariye Ubufaransa barahaguruka bajya gutangira umurimo bari barahiriye gukora. “Hafi y’aho hari hashinzwe imambo zari gutwikirwaho Abakristo bamwe b’Abaporotesitanti ari bazima, kandi hari hafashwe umugambi wo gukongeza umuriro mu gihe umwami yari bube ari hafi kandi ko abari muri wa mwiyerekano bakwiriye kwihutishwa kugira ngo bibonere uko abahakanyi bapfa.” 242 - Wylie, b.13, ch.21. II 244.2
Ibyinshi byavugwa ku iyicarubozo abahamya ba Kristo bihanganiye ntawabivuga ngo abirangize, ariko ku ruhande rw’abicwaga nta gucika intege kwabayeho. Ubwo umwe muri bo yasabwaga kwisubiraho, yarashubije ati : “Nizera gusa ibyo abahanuzi n’intumwa babwirije kera, ndetse n’ibyo intungane zose zizeraga. Ukwizera kwanjye gushingiye mu Mana kuzatsinda imbaraga zose z’ikuzimu.” 243-D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, b.4, ch.12. II 244.3
Incuro nyinshi abari muri urwo rugendo bajyaga bahagarara aho abantu bicirwaga. Ubwo bari bageze ku ngoro y’umwami ari naho batangiriye urugendo, ya mbaga y’abantu yaratashye, umwami n’ibyegera bye batandukana banyuzwe n’umwiyerekano w’uwo munsi kandi bishimira ko igikorwa batangije kizakomeza gukorwa kugeza ubwo ubuhakanyi butsembwe burundu. II 245.1
Ubutumwa bw’amahoro Ubufaransa bwari bwaranze bwagombaga kurandurwa kandi ingaruka zabyo zagombaga kuba mbi cyane. Ku wa 21 Mutarama 1793, ubwo hari hashize imyaka magana abiri na mirongo itanu n’umunani uhereye kuri wa munsi Ubufaransa bwiyemereje gutoteza Abagorozi, habayeho urundi rugendo rw’umwiyereko rufite umugambi utandukanye cyane n‘uwa mbere. Abari muri uwo mwiyerekano banyuze mu duhanda two mu mujyi wa Paris. “Nanone, umwami niwe muntu ukomeye wari ugambiriwe; nanone humvikanye amajwi menshi n’induru, kandi humvikanye urusaku rw’abasaba ko hagira abandi bantu bicwa, ndetse hashinzwe izindi mambo kandi gahunda z’uwo munsi zisozwa no kwicwa kw’abantu mu buryo buteye ubwoba. Umwami Ludoviko wa XVI yagendaga akirana n’abari bamufashe ndetse n’abashinzwe kumwica, bagenda bamukurura bamujyanye ku cyuma kigari gishashe hasi maze abantu bafite imbaraga bakimufatiraho aryamye kugeza ubwo ikindi kimeze nk’intorezo kimanukiye kimuca umutwe maze wihirika aho.” 24-Wylie, b.13, 21. Nyamara umwami si we wenyine wahaguye, ahubwo mu minsi yaranzwe no kumena amaraso ubwo hariho ingoma y’igitugu, abantu ibihumbi bibiri na magana inani biciwe hafi y’aho hantu bicishijwe cya cyuma. II 245.2
Ubugorozi bwari bwarashyikirije Bibiliya abatuye isi, bubahishurira amahame agize amategeko y’Imana kandi ibyo asaba bubicengeza mu bantu. Urukundo rw’Imana rutarondoreka rwari rwarahishuriye abantu amategeko n’amahame by’ijuru. Imana yari yaravuze iti: “Nuko mujye muyitondera muyumvira, kuko ari ko bwenge bwanyu n’ubuhanga bwanyu mu maso y’amahanga, azumva ayo mategeko yose, akavuga ati : “Ni ukuri iri shyanga rikomeye ni ubwoko bw’ubwenge n’ubuhanga.” 245Gutegeka 4:6 Igihe Ubufaransa bwangaga impano buhawe n’ijuru, bwari bubibye imbuto z’umuvurungano no kurimbuka; kandi ingaruka zaje kuba Umwivumbagatanyo ndetse n’Ingoma y’Iterabwoba. II 245.3
Mbere y’uko akarengane kabyutswa na za nyandiko zamanitswe ahantu hose, hari hashize igihe kirekire umugabo w’intwari witwaga Farel ahunze igihugu cyamubyaye. Yagiye mu Busuwisi maze kubw’imirimo yakoraga asubukura ibyo Zwingli yakoze, yafashije Ubugorozi mu gutuma bwongera gukundwa. Imyaka yakurikiyeho yagombaga kuyimara mu Busuwisi, nyamara yakomeje guteza impinduka ku bugorozi mu Bufaransa. Mu myaka ya mbere yo kuba mu buhungiro kwe, imbaraga ze yazikoresheje yamamaza ubutumwa bwiza mu gihugu yavukiyemo. Yamaze igihe kirekire abwiriza mu baturage b’igihugu cye hafi y’urubibi aho yari maso yitegereza urugamba kandi agafasha abantu kubw’amagambo ye atera ubutwari n’inama ze. Kubwo gufashwa n’izindi mpunzi, inyandiko z’abagorozi b’Abadage zasobanuwe mu rurimi rw’Igifaransa, kandi izo nyandiko ndetse na Bibiliya y’Igifaransa bisohoka mu macapiro ari byinshi. Ibyo bitabo byagurishijwe n’ababwiririshabutumwa ibitabo mu Bufaransa ari byinshi. Ababwiririshabutumwa ibitabo babihabwaga ku giciro gito maze inyungu bakuragamo ikabafasha gukomeza gukora uwo murimo. II 246.1
Farel yatangiye umurimo we mu Busuwisi yiyambitse umwambaro w’umwarimu woroheje cyane. Yagiye mu karere ka kure maze yitangira kwigisha abana. Uretse inyigisho zisanzwe yabagezagaho, yanakoranye ubushishozi maze atangira kujya abigisha ukuri kwa Bibiliya yiringira ko azashobora kugera ku babyeyi akoresheje abana. Hari bamwe bemeye ukuri yigishaga, ariko abapadiri barakomeje baza guhagarika umurimo we, maze bahagurutsa abaturage babaswe no gukurikiza imigenzo kugira ngo bawurwanye. Abapadiri babwiye abantu bati: “Buriya butumwa ntibushobora kuba ubutumwa bwiza bwa Kristo, kubera ko kububwiriza bitazana amahoro ahubwo biteza intambara.” 246 - Wylie, b.14, ch.3. Nk’uko byagenze ku bigishwa ba mbere, iyo Farel yarenganyirizwaga mu mujyi umwe yahungiraga mu wundi. Yagendaga n’amaguru ava mu mudugudu umwe ajya mu wundi, akava mu mujyi umwe ajya mu wundi, akihanganira inzara, imbeho n’umunaniro kandi aho yajyaga hose ubuzima bwe bwabaga buri mu kaga. Yabwiririzaga mu masoko, mu nsengero, ndetse rimwe na rimwe akabwiririza kuri ruhimbi muri za katederali. Rimwe na rimwe yasangaga urusengero rurimo ubusa nta bantu baje kumwumva, incuro nyinshi ibibwirizwa bye byarogowaga n’urusaku rw’abantu, no kumukwena maze bakamukurubana bakamukura ku ruhimbi. Incuro nyinshi yagiye afatwa n’abaturage bakamukubita kugeza yenda kuvamo umwuka nyamara yakomeje gukora umurimo we. Nubwo yanzwe kenshi, ntibyamubuzaga kwihangana akagaruka aho yagiriwe nabi, akabona imidugudu n’imijyi byahoze ari ibihome by’ubupapa bikingurira inzugi ubutumwa bwiza. Bidatinze, ya paruwasi imwe nto yari yaratangiriyeho umurimo we yaje kwemera ukwizera kuvuguruwe. Umujyi wa Morat n’uwa Neuchâtel nayo yitandukanyije n’imigenzo y’itorero ry’i Roma maze mu nsengero zaho bakuramo amashusho yarimo. II 246.2
Farel yari yaramaze igihe kirekire yifuza kuzamura ibendera ry’Ubuporotesitanti i Geneve (Umurwa w’Ubusuwisi). Yibwiraga ko uwo mujyi uramutse uyobotse Ubuporotesitanti waba ihuriro ry’Ubugorozi mu Bufaransa, mu Busuwisi n’Ubutaliyani. Kubera uwo mugambi yari afite imbere ye, yari yarakomeje gukora imirimo ye kugeza ubwo imijyi myinshi n’imidugudu bihakikije biyobotse Ubuporotesitanti. Hanyuma yinjiye i Geneve aherekejwe n’umuntu umwe, ariko yemererwa kuhabwiriza ibibwirizwa bibiri gusa. Abapadiri bagerageje kumutereza ubutegetsi ngo bumufatire ibyemezo ariko biba iby’ubusa, maze baramuhamagarira kwitaba inama y’abepisikopi. Baje muri iyo nama bitwaje imbunda zihishe mu makanzu yabo kuko bari biyemeje kumwica. Hanze y’icyumba cy’inama hari hateraniye abantu barakaye, bitwaje inkoni n’inkota kugira ngo baze kumuhitana naramuka abashije gucika abari mu nama. Ariko haje abacamanza bari kumwe n’abasirikare bitwaje intwaro maze baramukiza. Bibaye mu gitondo cya kare cy’umunsi wakurikiyeho, Farel n’uwo bari kumwe baraherekejwe babambutsa ikiyaga babageza ahantu hari umutekano. Uko ni ko umuhati we wa mbere wo kubwiriza ubutumwa i Geneve warangiye. II 246.3
Ku nshuro ya kabiri, hatoranyijwe igikoresho cyoroheje. Hari umusore wagaragaraga ko acishije make ku buryo atanakiriwe neza n’abari incuti z’Ubugorozi. Ariko se umusore nk’uwo yabashaga gukora ahantu Farel yari yaramaganwe? Ni mu buhe buryo umusore wari ufite ubutwari n’ubunararibonye buke yajyaga gutsinda imiraba uwari umunyambaraga ukomeye n’intwari kumurusha yari yarahunze? “Si ku bw’amaboko, kandi si ku bw’imbaraga, ahubwo ni ku bw’Umwuka wanjye. Ni ko Uwiteka Nyiringabo avuga.” 247Zekariya 4:6 “Ahubwo Imana yatoranyije abaswa bo mu isi, ngo ikoze isoni abanyabwenge: kandi yatoranyije ibinyantege nke byo mu isi, ngo ikoze isoni ibikomeye.” “Kuko ubupfu bw’Imana burusha abantu ubwenge; kandi intege nke z’Imana zirusha abantu imbaraga.” 2481 Abakorinto 1: 27,25 II 247.1
Froment yatangiye umurimo we ari umwarimu w’ishuri. Ukuri yigishaga abana mu ishuri bagusubiragamo bari iwabo. Bidatinze ababyeyi bagiye baza kumva uko Bibiliya isobanurwa kugeza ubwo icyumba cy’ishuri cyuzuraga abantu benshi baje kumutega amatwi batuje. Isezerano Rishya n’izindi nyandiko byatangirwaga ubuntu kandi byageraga ku bantu benshi batatinyukaga kujya gutega amatwi izo nyigisho nshya ku mugaragaro. Nyamara hashize igihe gito gusa, Froment nawe yarahunze nyamara inyigisho yari yarigishije zari zashinze imizi mu ntekerezo z’abantu. Ubugorozi bwari bwaramaze gushinga imizi, maze bukomeza gukomera no kwaguka. Ababwiriza bajyaga bahagaruka maze bitewe n’umurimo wabo amaherezo uburyo bwo gusenga bwa giporotesitanti bushinga imizi i Geneve. II 247.2
Ubwo Calvin (Kaluvini) yinjiraga mu mujyi wa Geneve nyuma yo kugenda ahantu henshi no guhura n’ingorane nyinshi, yasanze uwo mujyi waramaze kwemera Ubugorozi. Igihe yari mu nzira yerekeje i Basel avuye gusura bwa nyuma aho yavukiye, yasanze iyo nzira ya bugufi irimo ingabo z’umwami Karoli wa V (Charles V) maze biba ngombwa ko anyura inzira ikikiye ntinyure i Geneve. II 247.3
Muri uko gusura Farel yabashije kubona ukuboko kw’Imana. Nubwo Geneve yari yaremeye ukwizera kuvuguruwe, hari hakiri umurimo ukomeye ugomba kuhakorwa. Ntabwo abantu biyegurira Imana nk’itsinda rigari ry’abantu ahubwo biba kuri buri muntu ku giti cye. Umurimo wo kugirwa mushya ugomba kugezwa mu mutima no mu ntekerezo kubw’imbaraga ya Mwuka Muziranenge, atari kubw’amategeko yashyizweho n’inama z’abantu. Nubwo abaturage b’i Geneve bari baranze ubuyobozi bw’i Roma, ntabwo bari biteguye gucika ku ngeso zari zarashinze imizi mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Roma. Gushyiraho amahame atunganye y’ubutumwa bwiza ndetse no gutegurira abo bantu gukora umurimo Imana yari ibahamagariye ntibyari byoroshye. II 248.1
Farel yari yiringiye ko Kaluvini yaba umuntu bashobora gufatanya muri uyu murimo. Mu izina ry’Imana, yarahije uwo yarahije uwo muvugabutumwa wari ukiri muto ko yaguma i Geneve kandi akaba ari ho akorera. Kaluvini byamuteye ubwoba asubira inyuma. Yari umuntu uvuga make kandi ukunda amahoro, bityo rero ahindishwa umushyitsi no gutinya gukorana n’umwuka wo kwiyemera, kuba ibyigenge ndetse w’amahane warangaga abaturage b’i Geneve. Intege nke z’ubuzima bwe ndetse n’akamenyero ko gushishoza byamuteye gushaka aho yaruhukira. Kubera ko yiringiraga ko azashobora gufasha umurimo w’ubugorozi akoresheje inyandiko, yifuzaga kubona ahantu hatuje kugira ngo yige maze ajye akoresha inyandiko bityo yigishe kandi akomeze amatorero. Ariko amagambo meza yavuzwe na Farel yayumvise nk’umuhamagaro uturutse ku Mana, maze ntiyatinyuka guhakana. Nk’uko yabivuze byasaga n’aho “ukuboko kw’Imana kurambuwe guturutse mu ijuru, kuramufata, kandi kumukomereza aho hantu yashakaga kuva adatindiganyije.” 249-D’Aubigné, History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, b.9, ch.17. II 248.2
Muri icyo gihe akaga gakomeye kari kagose umurimo w’abaporotesitanti. Imivumo ya Papa yari yibasiye umujyi wa Geneve kandi ibihugu by’ibihangange byari byiteguye gusenya uwo mujyi. Byajyaga gushoboka bite ko uyu mujyi muto wahangana n’ubushobozi bukomeye akenshi bwari bwarahatiye abami n’abami b’abami kubwumvira? Ni mu buhe buryo uyu mujyi wari kubasha gutsinda ingabo z’ibihangange ku rugamba byo ku isi yose? II 248.3
Aho ubukristo bwarangwaga hose, abaporotesitanti bari bibasiwe n’abanzi bakomeye. Intambwe za mbere zo gutsinda Ubugorozi zari zaratewe maze Roma ihamagaza ingabo nshya yiringiye kurimbura Ubugorozi burundu. Muri icyo gihe hashyizweho umuryango w’Abayezuwiti (jesuits) bari abicanyi ruharwa, ntibagiraga icyo batinya, kandi nibo bari bakomeye mu bambari bose ba Papa. Abayezuwiti bari baratandukanye n’inzira yose ibahuza n’abandi bantu ndetse n’ibigirira umuntu akamaro, nta rukundo kamere rwabarangwagamo, imitekerereze myiza ndetse n’umutimanama byari byaracecekeshejwe burundu, nta tegeko na rimwe bubahaga cyangwa ngo bagirane isano iyo ariyo yose n’abandi usibye abo mu muryango wabo, kandi nta yindi nshingano bari bafite uretse iyo kwagura imbaraga zawo. Ubutumwa bwiza bwa Kristo bwari bwarashoboje ababuyobotse guhangana n’akaga no kwihanganira umubabaro, imbeho, inzara, umunaniro n’ubukene ndetse no kuzamura ibendera ry’ukuri igihe bari imbere y’imbago zo kubakandiramo kugeza bapfuye, imbere ya gereza ndetse n’imbere y’imambo zo gutwikirwaho. Kugira ngo Abayezuwiti barwanye abo bayobotse ubutumwa, bacengeje mu bayoboke babo umwuka wo gukabya (ubwaka) wabashobozaga kwihanganira ibyago byose ndetse no kurwanya imbaraga y’ukuri bifashishije intwaro zose z’ibinyoma. Kuri bo, bwari ubugome bukomeye cyane ku buryo batinyaga kubukora, nta bushukanyi bukaze batinyaga gukora ndetse nta no kwiyoberanya gukomeye gute batakoraga. Babaga bararahiriye kuba abakene no kwicisha bugufi iteka ryose, kandi byari umugambi wabo wateguwe neza ko bazagera ku bukungu no gukomera igihe birunduriye mu gikorwa cyo guhirika ubuporotesitanti no kongera kwimakaza ubutware bwa Papa. II 249.1
Iyo wababonaga nk’abagize uwo muryango wabo, babaga bambaye umwambaro w’ubutungane, bagasura abari muri gereza ndetse no mu bitaro, bakita ku barwayi n’abakene bakavuga ko batandukanye n’iby’isi, kandi bakitwaza izina rizira inenge rya Yesu wajyaga hirya no hino akora ibyiza. Ariko iyo shusho y’inyuma y’ubuziranenge, akenshi yabaga ihishwemo imigambi mibisha kandi y’ubwicanyi. Ihame ry’ingenzi bagenderagaho ryari uko iyo umusozo mwiza ugezweho, inzira zanyuzwemo ntacyo zitwaye. Kubw’iri hame bakurikizaga, ntabwo kubeshya, kurahira ibinyoma no kwica byari ibyaha bibabarirwa gusa, ahubwo byari bitegetswe gukorwa mu gihe cyose bifitiye itorero inyungu. Binyuze mu buryo bwinshi bwo kwiyoberanya, Abayezuwiti bakoraga uko bashoboye bagacengera mu myanya y’ubutegetsi kugeza n’ubwo bazamutse bakaba abajyanama b’abami, kandi bagatunganya imiyoborere y’ibihugu. Bigiraga abagaragu kugira ngo babone uko baneka ba shebuja. Bashinze amashuri y’abana b’ibikomangoma n’abakomeye, amashuri y’abana ba rubanda rwa giseseka maze bagatoza abana b’Abaporotesitanti kubahiriza imigenzo y’ubupapa. Bakoreshaga uburyo bwose bwo gutera urujijo mu ntekerezo no gutwara intekerezo, bityo umudendezo ababyeyi bari baraharaniye bakemera no kumenerwa amaraso uba uhinduwe ubusa n’abana babo. Abayezuwiti bakwirakwiye mu Burayi mu buryo bwihuse, kandi aho bajyaga hose ubupapa bwarabyukaga. II 249.2
Ku bwo kubaha ubushobozi burushijeho, hatanzwe itegeko risubizaho urukiko rukomeye rucira imanza abatemera amahame y’itorero gatolika. Nubwo muri rusange urwo rukiko rwangwaga urunuka ndetse no mu bihugu by’abagatorika, rwongeye gushyirwaho n’abatware bakorera papa, kandi amahano y’indengakamere atakorerwa ahagaragara yongera kujya akorerwa muri za kasho zo mu rwihisho. Mu bihugu byinshi, abantu ibihumbagiza, bakuwe mu myanya y’icyubahiro mu bihugu kandi bubashywe na rubanda nk’abantu b’inyangamugayo, abakomeye, intiti n’abize amashuri menshi, abapasitoro b’imbonera kandi bitanze, abantu bakunda igihugu kandi b’abanyamuhati, abanyabwenge, abahanzi b’abahanga n’abanyabukorokori bafite impano zitangaje baricwaga cyangwa bikaba ngombwa ko bahungira mu bindi bihugu. II 250.1
Ubwo nibwo buryo Roma yakoresheje kugira ngo izimye umucyo w’Ubugorozi, ikure Bibiliya mu bantu maze ubujiji n’imigenzo byo mu Gihe cy’Umwijima byongere guhabwa intebe. Ariko kubw’imigisha y’Imana no kwitangira umurimo kw’abantu b’inyangamugayo yari yarahagurukije gusimbura Luteri, ntabwo Ubuporotesitanti bwasenyutse. Ntabwo Ubuporotesitanti bwakuye imbaraga zabwo ku gukundwa no gushyigikirwa n’ibikomangoma. Ibihugu bito cyane, ibihugu byoroheje by’ibinyantegenke nibyo byabaye ibihome bibukingira. Ubwo umujyi wa Geneve muto cyane wari uzengurutswe n’abanzi bakomeye bacuraga umugambi wo kuwurimbura; igihugu cy’Ubuholandi, aho gikora ku nyanja yo mu Majyaruguru, kikaba cyari gihanganye no kotswa igitutu na Esipanye yari ubwami bukomeye kandi bukungahaye kurusha ubundi bwose, nibwo Suwede yari ikennye kandi ifite imbaraga nke yagejeje Ubugorozi ku nsinzi. II 250.2
Kaluvini yakoreye i Geneve mu gihe cy’imyaka igera kuri mirongo itatu, abanza kuhahanga itorero rikurikiza Bibiliya, maze akurikizaho guteza imbere Ubugorozi mu bindi bihugu by’Uburayi. Nk’umuntu wayobara abandi, ntabwo ibyo yakoraga cyangwa inyigisho ze byaburagamo amakosa no kwibeshya. Ariko yari igikoresho mu kumenyekanisha ukuri kwari ingenzi cyane mu gihe cye, no gukomera ku mahame y’Ubuporotesitanti ayarinda imyemerere y’ubupapa yajyaga igaruka vuba, ndetse agakangurira amatorero yemeraga ubugorozi kugira ngo imibereho itunganye no kwicisha bugufi mu cyimbo cy’ubwibone no gusaya mu bibi byahawe intebe kubera inyigisho z’i Roma. II 250.3
Ibitabo byinshi byaturukaga i Geneve ndetse n’abigisha maze bakajya kwamamaza inyigisho z’ubugorozi. Abatotezwaga bo mu bihugu byose bashakiraga amabwiriza, inama no guterwa ubutwari biturutse i Geneve. Umujyi wa Kaluvini wahindutse ubuhungiro bw’Abagorozi bahigwaga mu Burengerazuba bw’Uburayi. Kubera guhunga akaga kakomeje kubaho mu gihe cy’imyaka amagana menshi, abahungaga bazaga i Geneve. Babaga bashonje, barakomeretse, barambuwe amazu yabo, baramazweho abavandimwe babo, ariko bakiranwaga ubwuzu kandi bakitabwaho mu mutima w’impuhwe. Ubwo babonaga aho baba i Geneve, baheshaga umugisha uwo mujyi wabakiriye bakoresheje ubuhanga bwabo, ubwenge bwabo ndetse n’ubutungane bwabo. Abenshi mu babonye ubuhungiro i Geneve, bagiye basubira mu bihugu byabo bakajya kurwanya igitugu cya Roma. Uwitwa Yohani Knox, wari umugorozi w’intwari ukomoka muri Sikotilandi (Scotland), umubare munini w’abaharaniraga ko itorero ryakoroshya imihango rikora ahubwo rigashimangira imico mbonera, Abaporotestanti bo mu Buholandi n’abo muri Esipanye ndetse n’Abahugeno (Huguenots) bo mu Bufaransa bamurikishije itara ry’ukuri bakuye i Geneve kugira ngo ritamurure umwijima wari mu bihugu bavukagamo. II 251.1