There is another class of expressions respecting the word “spirit,” which properly comes under consideration at this point. The first is Psalm 31:5, where David says: “Into thine hand I commit my spirit.” Our Lord used similar language, perhaps borrowed from this expression of David’s, when, expiring on the cross, he said, “Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.” Luke 23:46. And Stephen the martyr, in the same line of thought, sent up this expiring prayer: “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.” Acts 7:59. What was it which David and our Lord wished to commit into the hands of God, and Stephen into the hands of Christ? “A conscious entity,” our friends would say; “the living and immortal part of man; for nothing less could properly be committed to God.” Thus Mr. Landis (p. 131) asks: “What was it then? The mere life which passed into nonentity at death? And can any one suppose they would have commended to God a nonentity? This would be a shameless trifling with sacred things.” But David, on one occasion (1 Samuel 26:24), prayed that his life might be much set by, or be precious, in the eyes of the Lord. That which is precious in his sight, it seems, might very properly be commended to his keeping, especially when for his sake it was to be taken away from one by one’s enemies. And in the very psalm (31) in which be commits his “spirit” to God, he does it in view of the fact that his enemies had devised to take away his life,. Verse 13.HHMLD 85.1

It is a fact that the same or similar acts are spoken of frequently as done in reference to the life, that are said to be done in reference to the spirit. Can a person commit his spirit to God? So he can commit to him the preservation of his life. Thus David says (Psalm 64:1): “Preserve my life.” What! Mr. Landis would exclaim, preserve a nonentity? Jonah prayed (chapter 4:3), “O Lord, take, I beseech thee, my life from me.” Christ says (John 10:15): “I lay down my life for the sheep;” and in John 13:38 he asks Peter, “Wilt thou lay down thy life for my sake?”HHMLD 85.2

Thus our “life” is something that we can commit to another for safe keeping; it can be taken away from us; we can give it up, or lay it down. Is it, therefore, a distinct entity, conscious in death? If it is not, then, equivalent expressions applied to the “spirit” do not prove that to be conscious in death, and immortal; for they prove the same in the one case as in the other; and whatever they fail to prove in the one case, they fail to prove also in the other.HHMLD 86.1

But if the spirit, as is claimed, lives right along after death, just as conscious as before, and a hundredfold more active, capable, intelligent, and free, where would be the propriety of committing it to God in the hour of death, any more than at any point during its earthly existence? — There would be none whatever. Entering upon that permanent, higher life, it would be much more capable of caring for itself than in this earthly condition. The expression bears upon its very face, evidence that those who used it desired to commit something into the care of their Maker which was about to pass out of their possession; to commit something into his hands for sake keeping until they should be brought back from the state of unconsciousness and inactivity into which they were then falling. And what was that? — It was what they were then losing; namely their life, their pneuma, which Robinson defines as meaning, among other things, “The principle of life residing in the breath, breathed into man from God, and again returning to God.” And when the life is thus given up to God by his people, where is it? — “Hid with Christ in God.” Colossians 3:3. And when will the believer receive it again? — When “Christ, who is our life, shall appear.” Verse 4. Then Stephen will receive from his Lord that which, while dying, he besought him to receive. Then they who for Christ’s sake have lost their life (not merely their bodies while their life continues right on), will have that life restored to them again, to be enjoyed eternally in the world to come.HHMLD 86.2

3. — WHO KNOWS THE SPIRIT OF MAN?

5. — THE SPIRITS OF JUST MEN MADE PERFECT