IGICE CYA 13 - UBUHOLANDI NA SIKANDINAVIYA

Mu mizo ya mbere, ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa papa bwateje kwivumbagatanya gukomeye mu Buholandi. Mu myaka magana arindwi mbere y’igihe cya Luteri, abepisikopi babiri bari baroherejwe i Roma maze bakabasha kumenya imico nyakuri y’”Umurwa Utunganye,” bari barashyize Papa ku karubanda bagira bati: “Itorero, Imana yarigize umwamikazi n’umugeni wayo, yarihaye ubukungu bukomeye kandi buhoraho bugenewe umuryango waryo, yaritanzeho inkwano itangirika, ndetse yarihaye ikamba n’inkoni y’ubutware bihoraho; . . . nyamara ibyo byiza byose wabyitambitse imbere ubyiyerekezaho nk’umujura. Wiyicaje mu ngoro y’Imana, kandi aho kuba umushumba, wahindutse nk’ikirura ku ntama; . . . ushaka ko twizera ko uri umwepisikopi w’ikirenga nyamara witwara nk’umunyagitugu . . . Aho kwemera kuba umugaragu w’abagaragu, nk’uko wiyita, uharanira kuba umwami w’abami. . . . Ibyo bisuzuguza amabwiriza y’Imana. . . . Mwuka Muziranenge ni we wubaka amatorero yose kugeza ku mpera z’isi. . . Umurwa w’Imana yacu, ari nawo dutuyemo, ugera ku mpande zose z’ijuru; ndetse uruta umujyi abahanuzi bazira inenge bise Babuloni yiyitirira Imana, wikuza ukagera ku ijuru, ndetse wirata ko ubwenge bwawo budapfa, kandi amaherezo nubwo nta shingiro ufite, uvuga ko utigeze uyoba ngo ukore amakosa kandi ko ibyo bitanashoboka.” ^{250- Gerard Brandt, History of the Reformation in and About the Low Countries, b.1, p.6.}II 252.1

Uko ibinyejana byakurikiranaga, hagiye hahaguruka abandi bagasubiramo aya magambo yo kwamagana imikorere ya Papa. Kandi abo bigisha ba mbere bambukiranyaga ibihugu bitandukanye bakamenywa n’abantu benshi maze bakaza kwinjira mu Buholandi, bari bafite imico nk’iy’abavugabutumwa b’Abavoduwa, ndetse bamamaje ubutumwa bwiza ahantu hose. Inyigisho zabo zakwirakwiye bwangu. Bibiliya yari mu rurimi rw’Abawalidense bayisobanuye mu Kidage. Baravuze bati : “Ifite akamaro kanini, nta magambo y’ubupfapfa arimo, nta migani y’imihimbano, nta bitagira umumaro cyangwa ibinyoma birangwamo uretse amagambo y’ukuri gusa. Bavuze ko ikomeye mu bice byayo byose ko ariko ushobora gusangamo umusokoro n’uburyohe by’ibyiza n’ibitunganye.” ^{251- Ibid., b.1, p.14.} Uko ni ko mu kinyejana cya cumi na kabiri incuti z’ukwizera kwa mbere zanditse.II 252.2

Noneho hatangiye itotezwa rikozwe na Roma; ariko mu gihe cyo gutwikwa no kwicwa urw’agashinyaguro, abizera barushagaho kwiyongera kandi bagahamya byimazeyo ko Bibiliya ariyo muyobozi mu by’idini utibeshya, kandi ko ” nta muntu wagombye guhatirwa kwizera, ko ahubwo akwiriye kubyemezwa n’inyigisho.” ^{252- Martyn, vol.2, p.87.}II 252.3

Inyigisho za Luteri zakiranywe ubwuzu mu Buholandi, maze abantu b’abanyamurava kandi b’indahemuka bahagurukira kubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza. Mu ntara imwe mu zigize Ubuholandi hakomotsemo uwitwa Menno Simons. Uyu yakuze ari umugatolika w’i Roma aza kurobanurirwa kuba umupadiri. Ntabwo yari asobanukiwe na Bibiliya kandi ntiyabashaga kuyisoma bitewe no gutinya ko yamuyobya akagwa mu buhakanyi. Umunsi umwe, yaje kugira gushidikanya ku nyigisho ivuga ibyo guhinduka kwa divayi n’umutsima mu maraso nyayo n’umubiri nyawo bya Kristo mu gihe cy’igitambo cya ukarisitiya, maze abifata ko ari ikigeragezo cya Satani. Yagerageje kwikuramo uko gushidikanya akoresheje gusenga no kwicuza ariko biba iby’ubusa. Yagerageje gucecekesha ijwi ry’umutima uhana ryamushinjaga akoresheje kujya mu bimurangaza, nyamara ntibyagira icyo bimara. Hashize igihe runaka, yaje gusoma Isezerano Rishya arifatanyije n’inyandiko za Luteri maze bimutera kwemera imyizerere y’Ubugorozi. Hashize igihe gito, mu mudugudu wari hafi ye, yaje kuhibonera umuntu wicwaga bakoresheje kumuca azize ko yabatijwe bundi bushya. Ibyo byateye Menno Simons kwiga Bibiliya ngo arebe ibyerekeye umubatizo w’abana bato. Ntiyashoboye kubona igihamya kibishyigikira kiri mu Byanditswe, ahubwo yasanze ko ahantu hose kwihana no kwizera ari byo byangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo umuntu abatizwe.II 253.1

Menno yavuye mu itorero ry’i Roma maze yegurira imibereho ye umurimo wo kwigisha ukuri yari yarakiriye. Mu Budage no mu Buholandi hari haradutse itsinda ry’abaka bigishaga inyigisho zitumvikana kandi ziyobya, zibasiye gahunda no kugira imyitwarire iboneye kandi bagateza kwivumbagatanya n’ubwigomeke. Menno yabonye hakiri kare amahano ibyo bikorwa bizateza maze yamagana byimazeyo izo nyigisho ziyobya ndetse n’imikorere ya kinyamaswa y’abo baka. Nyamara hari abantu benshi bari baramaze kuyobywa n’abo baka ariko bari bararetse inyigisho zabo mbi. Hari hakiriho kandi n’abandi benshi bakomoka ku Bakristo ba kera, ari bo bari imbuto zavuye ku nyigisho z’Abawalidensi. Menno yakoreye muri ayo matsinda afite ishyaka ryinshi kandi agera ku nsinzi ikomeye.II 253.2

Menno yamaze imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu akora ingendo ari kumwe n’umugore we n’abana babo, akihanganira imirimo iruhije no kwigomwa ndetse akenshi yabaga ari mu kaga gashobora guhitana ubuzima bwe. Yambukiranyije Ubuholandi n’amajyaruguru y’Ubudage, akibanda gukorera mu matsinda y’abantu bacishije bugufi, ariko abasha kuhamamara. Ubusanzwe yari intyoza mu kuvuga ariko nubwo atari yarize cyane, yari umuntu ufite ubupfura budacogora, yicisha bugufi kandi yoroheje mu myifatire ye, arangwa n’ubutungane buvuye ku mutima, mu mibereho ye agashyira mu bikorwa ibyo yigisha bityo bigatuma abantu bamugirira icyizere. Abayoboke be baje gutatanywa kandi barakandamizwa. Barababajwe cyane bitewe no kubitiranya n’abaka bayoborwaga na Munster. Ariko kubw’imirimo ya Menno abantu benshi barahindutse. II 253.3

Nta handi hantu inyigisho z’Ubugorozi zakiriwe neza kuruta mu Buholandi. Mu bihugu bike cyane niho abayoboke babo bahuye n’itotezwa rikomeye cyane. Umwami Karoli wa V (Charles V) yari yarabuzanyije Ubugorozi mu Budage kandi yumvaga agomba gutwika abantu bose babuyobotse, ariko ibikomangoma birahaguruka bibera inkomyi icyo iryo terabwoba yategekeshaga. Ingoma ye yari ifite ububasha bukomeye mu Buholandi bityo atanga amategeko yikurikiranyije yo gutoteza abagorozi. Gusoma Bibiliya, kutega amatwi abayisoma cyangwa kubwiriza ibyayo, ndetse no kuvuga ibiyerekeye, byari ukwihamagarira igihano cyo kwicwa utwitswe. Gusengera Imana mu rwiherero, kudapfukamira ishusho, cyangwa kuririmba Zaburi nabyo byahanishwaga urupfu. Ndetse n’abantu barahiraga bakatura ko baretse ubuyobe bwabo nabo bacirirwagaho iteka ryo kwicishwa inkota iyo babaga ari abagabo; naho baba abagore bagahambwa bakiri bazima. Abantu ibihumbi byinshi bashiriye ku icumu mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Charles n’iya Filipo wa II.II 254.1

Umunsi umwe, abagize umuryango umwe bose bazanwe imbere y’abacamanza, maze babarega ko utajya mu misa ahubwo usengera mu rugo. Ubwo umwana muto muri bo yabazwaga ibyo bakorera mu rwiherero, uwo mwana w’umuhungu yarasubije ati: “Turapfukama, maze tugasenga Imana ngo imurikire intekerezo zacu kandi itubabarire ibyaha byacu. Dusengera umwami wacu kugira ngo ubwami bwe bugire amahoro n’uburumbuke kandi imuhe n’ubuzima bwiza. Dusabira abacamanza bacu ngo Imana ibarinde.” ^{253-Wylie, b.18, ch.6.} Iryo jambo ryakoze ku mitima ya bamwe mu bacamanza, nyamara ntibyabujije ko se w’uwo mwana n’umwe mu bahungu be bacirwa urubanza rwo gutwikwa.II 254.2

Uburakari bukaze bw’abatotezaga bwanganaga n’ukwizera kw’abahorwaga ukwizera kwabo. Si abagabo gusa ahubwo abagore n’abakobwa nabo berekanaga ubutwari budasubira inyuma. “Abagore bahagararaga iruhande rw’inkingi ihambiriyeho abagabo babo, kandi igihe umugabo yabaga ari gushya yihanganira umuriro, umugore we yamwongoreraga amagambo yo kumuhumuriza cyangwa akamuririmbira Zaburi yo kumukomeza.” “Abakobwa b’inkumi baryamaga mu mva bagiye guhambwamo ari bazima nk’abari kwinjira mucyumba basanzwe bararamo; cyangwa bakajyanwa ku mambo no gutwikwa bambaye imyambaro yabo myiza cyane nk’abagiye mu birori by’ubukwe bwabo.” ^{254-Ibid., b.18, ch.6.}II 254.3

Nk’uko byagenze mu gihe ubupagani bwashakaga kurimbura ubutumwa bwiza, amaraso y’Abakristo yari imbuto. Itotezwa ryatumye umubare w’abahamya b’ukuri wiyongera. Uko umwaka utashye, umwami yarushagaho kurakazwa no kutava ku izima kw’abantu maze akomeza umurimo we wo kubica urupfu rubi, ariko biba iby’ubusa. Biyobowe na William wakomokaga ahitwaga Orange, amaherezo Impinduramatwara yaje kugeza Ubuholandi ku kugira umudendezo wo gusenga Imana.II 255.1

Mu misozi y’i Piyemo (Piedmond), mu bibaya byo mu Bufaransa no ku nkengero z’Ubuholandi, iterambere ry’ubutumwa bwiza ryatewe n’imivu y’amaraso y’abigishwa babwo. Ariko mu bihugu by’amajyaruguru ho, ubutumwa bwiza bwahinjiye nta nkomyi. Abanyeshuri bigaga i Wittenberg bari baragarutse mu gihugu cyabo, bazanye ukwizera kuvuguruwe mu bihugu bya Sikandinaviya. Icapishwa ry’inyandiko za Luteri naryo ryakwirakwije umucyo. Abaturage bo mu majyaruguru, bari abantu boroheje kandi b’intwari bazibukiriye gusaya mu bibi, ubwibone n’imigenzo y‘i Roma maze bakira ubutungane, kwiyoroshya ndetse n’ukuri kwa Bibiliya guheshya ubugingo. II 255.2

Uwitwa Tausen, wari umugorozi wo muri Denmark, yari umuhungu wabyawe n’umuturage woroheje. Ubwo yari akiri muto, uwo mwana yagaragaweho kuzaba umuhanga. Yagiraga inyota yo kwiga ariko ibyo ntibyamushobokera bitewe n’imibereho y’ababyeyi be, maze yinjira mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana. Ari muri icyo kigo, imibereho ye iboneye ifatanyije n’umwete we no kuba indahemuka kwe byatumye abayobozi be bamukunda cyane. Igenzura yakorewe ryagaragaje ko afite impano zizamuhesha gukorera itorero neza mu gihe kizaza. Hafashwe umwanzuro wo kumwohereza kwiga muri imwe muri za kaminuza zo mu Budage cyangwa mu Buholandi. Uwo musore w’umunyeshuri yahawe uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo ishuri azigaho, ariko ntibamwerera ko yahitamo Wittenberg. Abo bihaye Imana bavugaga ko umunyeshuri w’itorero atagomba gushyirwa mu kaga yaterwa n’inyigisho z’uburozi z’ubuhakanyi. II 255.3

Tausen yagiye i Kolonye (Cologne), yahoze ari indiri y’inyigisho z’ubupapa kugeza n’uyu munsi. Ahageze, bidatinze yaje kurambirwa inyigisho z’amayobera z’intiti zaho. Ahagana muri icyo gihe kandi niho yabonye inyandiko za Luteri. Yazisomanye amatsiko n’ibyishimo maze yumva yifuje cyane kwiyigishirizwa n’uwo mugorozi. Nyamara kugenza atyo byagombaga gutuma akoza isoni umuyobozi we mukuru mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana kandi bikaba byatuma ubufasha ahabwa buhagarikwa. Bidatinze yafashe icyemezo, ndetse nyuma y’aho aza kwiyandikisha ngo azige i Wittenberg.II 256.1

Agarutse i Denmark, yasubiye mu kigo cy’abihayimana aho yabaga. Nta muntu wakekaga ko yayobotse inyigisho za Luteri; nawe yirinda kumena ibanga rye, ariko agashishikarira kwerekeza abo babanaga ku kwizera kuboneye no kugira imibereho irushijeho gutungana ariko atabakomerekeje. Yabumburaga Bibiliya maze agatanga ubusobanurobwayo nyakuri, maze agasoza ababwiriza Kristo ko ari we gutungana k’umunyabyaha kandi akaba ari we byiringiro bye rukumbi by’agakiza. Uburakari bw’umuyobozi we bwabaye bwinshi cyane kuko yari yaramwiringiye cyane ko azaba umuntu w’intwari urwanirira Roma. Yahise akurwa mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana yarimo bamujyana mu kindi kandi bamufungira mu kumba gato aho bamucungiraga bugufi.II 256.2

Kubera iterabwoba rikomeye ry’abari barindishijwe Tausen, abenshi mu bihaye Imana bavuze ko bayobotse Ubuporotesitanti. Tausen yari yaramenyesheje bagenzi be ukuri akoresheje kuvuganira nabo mu myanya yari hagati y’ibyuma by’icyumba yari afungiwemo. Iyo abo bapadiri bo muri Denmark baza kuba abahanga muri gahunda y’itorero ku byerekeye ubuhakanyi, bari gutuma ijwi rya Tausen ritongera kumvikana. Ariko aho kugira ngo bamufungire mu kuzimu, bamwirukanye mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana. Noneho nta mbaraga bari bafite. Itegeko ry’umwami ririnda abigisha inyisho z’amahame mashya ryari rimaze gutangwa. Tausen yatangiye kubwiriza. Insengero zari zimukinguriwe kandi imbaga y’abantu bazaga kumwumva. Abandi nabo babwirizaga ijambo ry’Imana. Isezerano Rishya risobanuwe mu rurimi rw’Ikidanwa, ryakwirakwijwe hose. Umwete wakoreshejwe n’abayoboke ba Papa wo gusenya umurimo wo [kwigisha amahame mashya] waje gutuma uwo murimo waguka, maze bidatinze Denmark itangaza ko yemera ukwizera kuvuguruwe.II 256.3

Mu gihugu cya Suwedi (Sweden) naho, abasore bari baranyoye ku isoko y’i Wittenberg, bashyiriye amazi y’ubugingo abo mu gihugu cy’iwabo. Babiri mu bayobozi b’Ubugorozi mu gihugu cya Suwedi bitwaga Olaf na Laurentius Petri. Bari abahungu b’umucuzi w’ahitwa Orebro bari barigishijwe na Luteri na Melanchthon, kandi bari bafite umwete wo kubwiriza ukuri bari barigishijwe. Nk’uko Luteri yakoraga, Olaf yakanguraga abantu kubw’ishyaka rye no kumenya kuvuga neza, naho nk’uko Melanchthon yari ameze, Laurentius yari umuhanga, akagira gutuza no gutekereza cyane. Bombi bari bafite imico myiza, bafite ubumenyi bukomeye mu by’iyobokamana kandi barangwa n’ubutwari budacogora mu kwamamaza ukuri. Ntibabuze kurwanywa n’abo mu ruhande rwa Papa. Abapadiri b’abagatolika bahagurukije abaturage bajijwe kandi bakurikiza imigenzo. Incuro nyinshi Olaf Petri yagiye yibasirwa n’imbaga y’abantu, kandi akenshi akabacika benda kumuhitana. Ariko, abo Bagorozi bakundwaga kandi bakarindwa n’umwami.II 257.1

Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’itorero ry’i Roma, abantu bari barazahajwe n’ubukene kandi barakandamijwe. Nta Byanditswe Byera bagiraga, kandi kubera kugira idini ishingiye ku bimenyetso bisanzwe no ku mihango bitagezaga umucyo ku bantu, basubiraga mu myizerere ishingiye ku migenzo n’imihango ya gipagani by’abakurambere babo bari abapagani. Igihugu cyari kigabanyijwemo amatsinda atandukanye ahanganye kandi amakimbirane yayo atarahwemaga yongeraga ubukene bukabije mu bantu bose. Umwami yiyemeza kuvugurura Leta n’itorero maze yakira neza abo bafasha bari bafite ubushobozi mu rugamba rwo kurwanya Roma. II 257.2

Ubwo Olaf Petri yari imbere y’umwami n’abantu bakomeye bo mu gihugu cya Suwedi, mu buryo bwa gihanga, yashyigikiye amahame kwizera kuvuguruwe gushingiyeho ahanganye n’abahanga bakomeye ba Roma. Yavuze ko inyigisho z’abapadiri zigomba kwemerwa gusa igihe cyose zihuje n’Ibyanditswe Byera; kandi ko amahame shingiro yo kwizera yanditswe muri Bibiliya mu buryo bwumvikana kandi bworoshye ku buryo abantu bose bashobora kuyasobanukirwa. Kristo yaravuze ati : “Ibyo nigisha si ibyanjye, ahubwo ni iby’Iyantumye,” ^{255Yohana 7:16} kandi na Pawulo yavuze ko nihagira ubwiriza ubundi butumwa butari ubwo yari yarakiriye, uwo muntu akwiriye kuvumwa. ^{256Abagalatiya 1:8} Uwo mugorozi yaje kuvuga ati: “None se bishoboka bite ko abantu batinyuka kwihangira inyigisho zabo zihuje n’irari ryabo, maze bakazihatira abantu nk’aho ari ibintu bya ngombwa bihesha agakiza? ^{257- Wylie, b.10, ch.4.}” Yerekanye ko amateka itorero rica nta gaciro afite igihe cyose arwanya amategeko y’Imana, maze ashikama ku ihame ry’ingenzi rya Giporotesitanti rivuga riti: “Bibiliya, kandi Bibiliya yonyine” ni yo shingiro ryo kwizera n’imikorere.II 257.3

Nubwo izo mpaka zabereye ahantu hagaragara ko ari hato, zitwereka “imiterere y’abantu bari bagize ingabo z’Abagarozi. Ntabwo bari abantu batize, babiba amacakubiri kandi bajya impaka basakuza, ibirambu, bari abantu bize ijambo ry’Imana kandi bari bazi neza uburyo bwo gukoresha intwaro Bibiliya yabahaga. Urebye ku rwego rw’ubuhanga, ni bo bari ku mwanya wa mbere mu gihe cyabo. Iyo twitegereje ahantu harangwaga ubwenge hakomeye nka Wittenberg na Zurich, ndetse n’amazina y’abantu b’ibyamamare nka Luteri, Melanchthoni, Zwingli na Oecolampadius, twibwira ko bari abayobozi b’ubugorozi kandi ubusanzwe tubazi ho imbaraga zitangaje n’ubuhanga buhanitse. Nyamara abari babungirije ntibari bageze ku rugero rwabo. Reka tugaruke mu gihugu cya Suwede maze turebe amazina y’abantu baciye bugufi nka Olaf na Laurentius Petri- duhere ku bakuru tugana ku bigishwa babo- mbese tubona iki? . . . Tubona intiti ndetse n’abaminuje mu by’iyobokamana; abantu bari barasesenguye kandi bamenya neza ukuri k’ubutumwa bwiza kandi batsindaga biboroheye inyigisho z’ubucurabwenge n’iza politiki zigishwaga mu mashuri ndetse n’abanyacyubahiro b’i Roma.” ^{258-Ibid., b.10, ch.4.}II 258.1

Umusaruro w’izo mpaka wabaye uw’uko umwami wa Suwede yemeye ukwizera kw’Abaporotesitanti, kandi nyuma y’igihe gito, inteko ishinga amategeko nayo ivuga ko ishigikiye uko kwizera. Olaf Petri yari yarasobanuye Isezerano Rishya mu rurimi rwo muri Suwede maze kubw’icyifuzo cy’umwami, abo bavandimwe bombi batangira gusobanura Bibiliya yose. Bityo, buba ubwa mbere abaturage bo muri Suwede maze babona ijambo ry’Imana mu rurimi rwabo rwa kavukire. Inama nkuru y’igihugu yategetse ko mu gihugu hose, abagabura b’ubutumwa bwiza bakwiriye gusobanura Ibyanditswe Byera kandi ko mu mashuri abana bose bagomba kwigishwa gusoma Bibiliya.II 258.2

Umucyo w’agatangaza w’ubutumwa bwiza wirukanye bidasuburwaho umwijima w’ubujiji n’imigenzo. Igihugu kibonye umudendezo gikize ikandamiza rya Roma, gishobora kugera ku rugero ruhanitse no gukomera kitari cyarigeze kigeraho mbere. Igihugu cya Suwedi gihinduka kimwe mu bihome by’Ubuporotesitanti. Nyuma y’icyo gihe hashize imyaka ijana, ubwo hariho akaga gakomeye, iki gihugu gito kandi cyari gifite intege nke muri icyo gihe, nicyo cyagize ubutwari mu bindi bihugu by’Uburayi, maze gifasha Ubudage mu ntambara ikomeye yamaze imyaka mirongo itatu. Uburayi bw’amajyaruguru bwose, bwasaga n’ubugiye gusubira munsi y’igitugu cy’ubutegetsi bwa Roma. Ingabo za Suwede ni zo zashoboje Abadage gutsimbura abayoboke ba Papa, bituma abaporotestanti babona agahenge-- baba abakomoka kuri Kaluvini n’abakomoka kuri Luteri — ndetse no kugarura umudendezo wo gukurikiza umutimanama mu bihugu byari byaremeye inyigisho z’Ubugorozi.II 258.3